1)

(a)The Tana Kama permits reciting the Sh'ma until mid-day - because, in their opinion, that was the final time for the Tamid shel Shachar.

(b)R. Yehudah rules that it may be read - until the end of the fourth (seasonal) hour (which is equivalent to a third of the day) ...

(c)... because he says, that was the final time for the Tamid shel Shachar.

(d)The Halachah - is like R. Yehudah (see also Tiferes Yisrael).

2)

(a)The Tana Kama permits Davening Minchah until evening (see Tiferes Yisrael [see Tosfos Yom Tov]) - because, in their opinion, the Tamid shel bein ha'Arbayim could be brought until then.

(b)R. Yehudah requires it to be said until P'lag ha'Minchah - because that was the final time, according to him (see Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)'P'lag ha'Minchah' - is halfway between Minchah Ketanah (two and a half hours before nightfall) and nightfall.

3)

(a)The Halachah regarding Tefilas Minchah is - 'de'Avid ke'Mar Avid, u'de'Avid ke'Mar Avid', which means that whichever opinion one follows, one is Yotzei ...

(b)... provided one does not Daven both Minchah and Ma'ariv in the period of P'lag ha'Minchah (i.e. if one Davens Minchah then, one must wait until nightfall before Davening Ma'ariv).

4)

(a)One may Daven Ma'ariv - the whole night ...

(b)... like the burning of the limbs and fat-pieces of the Tamid shel bein ha'Arbayim, to which it corresponds.

(c)And the reason the Mishnah say 'Ein Lah K'va' and not 'Zemanah Kol ha'Laylah' is - to teach us that Ma'ariv is not obligatory ...

(d)... because the burning of the limbs and fat-pieces itself is not obligatory (which is, in turn, because once the blood of the Korban has been sprinkled, the Korban to all intents and purposes, is Kasher).

(e)If somebody wants to omit Ma'ariv - he is not permitted to do so, because it has been accepted as obligatory.

5)

(a)According to the Tana Kama, one may Daven Musaf all day (see Tosfos Yom Tov [until the evening]). R. Yehudah - requires it to be said until the end of the seventh hour (see Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)The Tana Kama concedes that someone who Davens Musaf after seven hours - is called a sinner.

(c)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

6)

(a)When they asked R. Nechunyah ben ha'Kanah to explain the short Tefilah he used to Daven upon entering the Beis-ha'Medrash and upon leaving it, he replied - that hen he entered the ha'Medrah, he prayed that no sin should occur through his learning; and when he departed, he thanked Hash-m for his lot.

(b)The gist of ...

1. ... the former Tefilah was - that he should not err in a D'var Halachah, causing his colleagues to sin by rejoicing over his error (see Tosfos Yom Tov).

2. ... the latter - a thanks to Hash-m for placing his lot with those who sit in the Beis-ha'Medrash (an not with those who 'sit in the corners').

(c)The Beraisa - renders those prayers an obligation for everyone to recite (see Tosfos Yom Tov).

7)

(a)Raban Gamliel requires one to recite the regular Amidah 'every day'. According to R. Yehoshua - one has the option of reciting a short form of the Amidah.

(b)According to some, this entails reciting an abridged version of each Berachah - of the middle twelve (thirteen) Berachos (but the first and last three must be said in full).

8)

(a)Others say - that it entails reciting one Berachah that incorporates snatches of each of the twelve Berachos ...

(b)... which begins with...

1. ... 'Havineinu Hash-m Elokeinu la'Da'as Derachecha', and concludes ...

2. ... 'Baruch Atah Hash-m, Shome'a Tefilah'.

(c)R. Akiva makes a compromise - the full Amidah, if one is conversant with the text (in Talmudic times, Tefilah was not yet transcribed), and the shortened version if one is not.

(d)The Halachah - is like R. Akiva.

9)

(a)R. Eliezer discusses someone who makes his Tefilah 'K'va', by which he means that he considers Davening a burden, and Davens solely to get rid of the burden (see Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)He says that if someone does this - his Tefilah is not a supplication (i.e. he has not fulfilled the purpose of Tefilah, which is to supplicate before Hash-m).

(c)R. Yehoshua presents a new Tefilah 'Hosha Hash-m es Amcha es She'eiris Yisrael be'Chol Parashas ha'Ibur' - (even when they turn away in order to sin) 'Yih'yu Tzorcheihem Lefanecha ... ' (see Tosfos Yom Tov).

(d)The Berachah concludes - 'Baruch Atah Hash-m, Shome'a Tefilah'.

10)

(a)One recites the Tefilah of 'Hosha Hash-m ... ' (according to R. Yehoshua) - when one is in a situation of danger.

(b)This is not the Halachah, however - because in a situation of danger one says a Tefilah that begins 'Tzorchei Amcha Merubim ... ' ...

(c)... omitting the rest of the Amidah.

(d)Upon arriving at one's destination - one therefore remains obligated to Daven the regular Amidah, as long as there is still time.

11)

(a)If the time to say the Amidah arrives and one is riding on a donkey - the Mishnah requires one to dismount and to Daven.

(b)Someone who has nobody to look after his donkey should at least turn his face towards Yerushalayim - as the Pasuk writes in Melachim "ve'Hispalelu Eilecha Derech Artzam" (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)If he is unable to do even that - then he should turn his mind towards the Kodesh Kodshim before Davening ...

(d)... as the Pasuk writes there "ve'Hispalelu el ha'Makom ha'Zeh".

12)

(a)We do not however, rule like this Mishnah, but that - that in any event, one Davens without dismounting ...

(b)... because having to dismount makes it difficult for one to concentrate.

13)

(a)The Mishnah rules that a person who is riding on a wagon or floating on a raft when the time arrives to Daven the Amidah - should turn his mind to the Kodesh Kodshim before Davening (see Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)R. Elazar ben Azaryah requires a Chever Ir - (a Minyan) in order to Daven Musaf (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)The Chachamim - obligate one to Daven Musaf whether there is a Minyan or not.

14)

(a)R. Yehudah quoting R. Elazar ben Azaryah rules - that wherever there is a Minyan, a yachid is Patur from Musaf.

(b)The difference between the Tana Kama's interpretation of R. Elazar ben Azaryah and that of R. Yehudah is - where aYachid lives in a town where there is no Minyan (who is Patur according to the Tana Kama, but Chayav according to Rebbi Yehudah).

(c)The Halachah - is like the Chachamim.