(a)The first two of the eighteen T'reifos (See Tosfos Yom Tov) listed by the Mishnah is a hole in the Veshet (the esophagus) and a fractured Gargeres (trachea). What is the minimum size of a hole that renders an animal a T'reifah?
(b)The Veshet actually has two skins; the outer one is red. What color is the inner one?
(c)In that case, what constitutes a hole in the Veshet?
(d)What if the two holes are located in different areas?
1)
(a)The first two of the eighteen T'reifos (See Tosfos Yom Tov [the first two Diburim]) listed by the Mishnah is a hole in the Veshet (the esophagus) and a fractured Gargeres (trachea). The tiniest hole - renders the animal a T'reifah.
(b)The Veshet actually has two skins; the outer one is red, the inner one - white.
(c)A hole in the Veshet - must therefore penetrate both skins ...
(d)... even if the two holes are located in different areas (See Tiferes Yisrael).
2)
(a)The fracture in the Gargeres must include the majority of its width. Does this incorporate the T'nuch (the thickness of its lobe [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) ?
(b)Why does it remain Kasher if the fracture runs along the length of the Gargeres?
(c)How much of the length must remain intact for the animal to be Kasher?
2)
(a)The fracture in the Gargeres must include the majority of its width - not including the T'nuch (the thickness of its lobe [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) .
(b)It remain Kasher if the fracture runs along the length of the Gargeres - because the more the animal stretches its neck, the less the fracture is visible (See also Tiferes Yisrael).
(c)One Chulya at each end must remain intact - for the animal to be Kasher.
3)
(a)The third T'reifus is a hole in the membrane that covers the brain. How many skins does it comprise?
(b)One of them covers the brain directly. Where/How is the other one placed?
(c)Which skin needs to be punctured for the animal to be T'reifah?
(d)What if the bone is still intact?
3)
(a)The third T'reifus listed is a hole in the membrane that covers the brain. In fact - it comprises two skins.
(b)One of them covers the brain directly. The other one - is stuck to the bone of the skull.
(c)The skin that covers the brain needs to be punctured - for the animal to be T'reifah ...
(d)... even if the bone is still intact.
4)
(a)Next on the list is a hole in the heart that goes through to the cavity. The heart actually contains two cavities, a large one on the right, a small one on the left. Which cavity must the hole reach for the animal to be a T'reifah?
(b)What if the K'neh ha'Leiv (the aorta) is punctured?
(c)On what condition does a broken spine (the Chulyos [cartilages]) render the animal T'reifah?
(d)Bearing in mind that the spinal cord is covered by a membrane, what exactly needs to break for the animal to be a T'reifah?
(e)Then why does the Tana mention the Shedrah?
4)
(a)Next on the list is a hole in the heart that goes through to the cavity (See Tosfos Yom Tov). The heart actually contains two cavities, a large one on the right, a small one on the left. If the hole penetrates as far as - either cavity, the animal is a T'reifah.
(b)If the K'neh ha'Leiv (the aorta) is punctured - the animal is also a T'reifah.
(c)A fractured spine (the Chulyos (cartilages) renders the animal T'reifah - only if the spinal cord is broken too.
(d)Bearing in mind that the spinal cord is covered by a membrane - it is the majority of the circumference of that membrane that needs to fracture for the animal to be a T'reifah.
(e)And the Tana only mentions the spine - because the membrane usually fractures as a result of the broken spine.
5)
(a)On what condition is the animal a T'reifah if the liver has been removed?
(b)How many k'Zeisim must remain intact for the animal to be Kasher (See also Tiferes Yisrael)?
(c)One of them must be in the vicinity of the gall-bladder (See Tiferes Yisrael). Where must the other k'Zayis be?
5)
(a)The animal a T'reifah if the liver has been removed - and nothing remains.
(b)For the animal to be Kasher - two k'Zeisim must remain intact ... one of them in the vicinity of the gall-bladder (See Tiferes Yisrael). W
(c)... one of them in the vicinity of the gall-bladder, the other - where it is attached underneath the kidneys (See also Tiferes Yisrael).
6)
(a)The next T'reifah discussed by the Mishnah is a punctured lung. How many thin membranes cover the lung?
(b)What if only one of them has a hole?
(c)On what condition is the animal a T'reifah if both the membranes are holed?
(d)According to Rebbi Shimon, a punctured lung renders the animal a T'reifah, if the hole reaches the Beis ha'Simponos. What is the 'Beis ha'Simponos'?
(e)Like whom is the Halachah?
6)
(a)The next T'reifah discussed by the Mishnah is a punctured lung, which is covered with - two thin membranes.
(b)If only one of them has a hole - the animal is Kasher.
(c)If both the membranes are holed, the animal is a T'reifah - provided air escapes when it is inflated.
(d)According to Rebbi Shimon, a punctured lung renders the animal a T'reifah, if the hole reaches the 'Beis ha'Simponos' - the main bronchial tube.
(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.
7)
(a)Which other fault in the lung renders the animal a T'reifah?
(b)The lung has three lobes (Unos) on the right and two on the left, What is the 'Inunisa'?
(c)According to some opinion, which of the lobes, does the Inunisa replace, in the event that one of them is missing?
(d)What if the Inunisa itself is missing?
7)
(a)A part of the lung that is missing - also renders the animal a T'reifah (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
(b)The lung has three lobes (Unos) on the right and two on the left, The 'Inunisa' - is the small lobe in the middle (known as the intermediate lobe).
(c)According to some opinion, the Inunisa will replace - any of the Unos on the right-hand side that is missing.
(d)If the Inunisa itself is missing - it is evident from the Gemara that the animal is Kasher, since many animals do not have one in the first place.
8)
(a)What is a 'Sircha'?
(b)On what condition does a Sircha on the lung render the animal a T'reifah?
(c)Based on what principle is the animal a T'reifah?
(d)How is the Sircha now formed?
8)
(a)A 'Sircha' is - a lesion.
(b)A Sircha on the lung renders the animal a T'reifah - if it stands to tear apart.
(c)The animal is a T'reifah - due to the principle that 'There is no Sircha without a hole' ...
(d)... via which the various liquids that gather in the lungs escape, to form a membrane round the hole.
9)
(a)When does an animal with a Sircha on its lung remain Kasher?
(b)Why is that?
(c)What is an example of this?
9)
(a)An animal with a Sircha on its lung remains Kasher - if it does not stand to tear apart ...
(b)... because then it will heal.
(c)An example of this is - where one Una is stuck to the Una next to it (in which case they protect each other and they will not tear apart).
10)
(a)The Tana now lists a group of three internal organs that are punctured, the Keivah (the stomach), the Marah (the gall-bladder) and the Dakin (the intestines). How far must the hole in the Keivah penetrate?
(b)At which point does a hole in ...
1. ... the Marah render the animal a T'reifah?
2. ... the Dakin render the animal a T'reifah?
(c)On what condition does a hole in the Hadra de'Kanta (the colon) not render the animal a T'reifah?
10)
(a)The Tana now lists a group of three internal organs that are punctured, the Keivah (the stomach), the Marah (the gall-bladder) and Dakin (the intestines). The hole in the Keivah must penetrate - as far as the cavity.
(b)A hole in ...
1. ... the Marah renders the animal a T'reifah - wherever it is not stopped up by the liver.
2. ... the Dakin renders the animal a T'reifah - wherever they are not stopped by another section of Dakin.
(c)A hole in the Hadra de'Kanta (the colon) does not render the animal a T'reifah - if it penetrates up to another section of the Hadra de'Kanta, because the two parts protect each other (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
11)
(a)The Tana rules that a hole in the inner Keres (the rumen) renders the animal a T'reifah. What is meant by the inner Keres?
(b)What does the Tana Kama say about the outer Keres?
(c)What is the outer Keres?
(d)When does a tear there ...
1. ... render the animal a T'reifah?
2. ... not render the animal a T'reifah?
11)
(a)The Tana rules that a hole in the inner Keres (the rumen) renders the animal a T'reifah. The inner Keres is in fact - the entire Keres.
(b)The Tana Kama declares the animal a T'reifah - if the majority of the outer Keres is torn.
(c)The outer Keres is - the membrane that runs from the chest to the thighs (the abdominal muscles).
(d)A tear there ...
1. ... renders the animal a T'reifah - provided it corresponds to the inner Keres, underneath which it is situated ...
2. ... but not beyond that point.
12)
(a)Rebbi Yehudah differentiates between the outer Keres of a 'Gedolah' and that of a 'Ketanah'. What is the definition of ...
1. ... 'Gedolah'?
2. ... 'Ketanah'?
(b)What does Rebbi Yehudah mean when he says 'ha'Gedolah Tefach'?
(c)How much must tear of a Ketanah to render the animal a T'reifah?
(d)Like whom is the Halachah?
12)
(a)Rebbi Yehudah differentiates between the outer Keres of ...
1. ... a 'Gedolah' - an ox and that of ...
2. ... a 'Ketanah' - a calf.
(b)When Rebbi Yehudah says 'ha'Gedolah Tefach', he means that - a tear of a Tefach renders the bull a T'reifah (even though it is less than a majority) ...
(c)... whereas the tear of a calf - renders the animal a T'reifah (even if it is less than a Tefach).
(d)The Halachah is like Rebbi Yehudah (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
13)
(a)The next two T'reifos on the list are the Hemses (or ha'Meses [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) and the Beis ha'Kosos (two of the animal's four stomachs). Where is the Beis ha'Kosos situated?
(b)How does the food travel from the Beis ha'Kosos to the Hemses (See Tiferes Yisrael)?
(c)From the Hemses, the food travels to the Keivah (the maw [the fourth stomach]). Where does it go from there?
(d)On what condition is an animal which has a hole in the Hemses or the Beis ha'Kosos become a T'reifah?
(e)Why is the animal Kasher if the hole is situated where the two meet?
13)
(a)The next two T'reifos on the list are the Hemses (or ha'Meses [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) and the Beis ha'Kosos (the paunch [two of the animal's four stomachs]). The Beis ha'Kosos adjoins the Keres (the first of the animal's stomachs).
(b)The food travels from the Beis ha'Kosos to the Hemses - via a joint hole in the two walls that join them.
(c)From the Hemses, the food travels to the Keivah (the maw [the fourth stomach]), and from the Keivah - to the Dakin (also known as the b'nei Me'ayim).
(d)An animal which has a hole in the Hemses or the Beis ha'Kosos becomes a T'reifah - as long as the hole faces the outside (and can be seen on the outside).
(e)If the hole is situated where the two meet, the animal is Kasher - because the wall of the other one shields it (See Tosfos Yom Tov and Nimukei ha'Geriv).
14)
(a)The next three T'reifos are where the animal falls from the roof, where most of its ribs are fractured and where it is clawed by a wolf (D'rusas ha'Ze'ev). On what condition is an animal that falls from the roof ...
1. ... a Vaday T'reifah and does not even need to be checked?
2. ... Vaday Kasher and does not require examination?
(b)There are two cases where the animal requires checking, one of them is where it stands but is unable to walk. What is the other?
(c)What do they examine? What renders it a T'reifah?
(d)One of the only two limbs that do not require checking is the womb. What is the other?
14)
(a)The next three T'reifos are where the animal falls from the roof, where most of its ribs are fractured and where it is clawed by a wolf (D'rusas ha'Ze'ev). An animal that falls from the roof ...
1. ... is a Vaday T'reifah and does not even need to be checked - if it is Shechted immediately, before it has had a chance to stand up.
2. ... is Vaday Kasher and does not require checking - if it stands up by itself (See Tiferes Yisrael), and walks a distance that is equivalent to its own length (See Tiferes Yisrael).
(b)One of the two cases where the animal requires examination is where it stands but is unable to walk. The other is - where it survives the fall for twenty-four hours without standing up.
(c)They examine - all the limbs in its body, to make sure that they are not shattered on account of the fall (See Tosfos Yom Tov 'Naflah min ha'Gag').
(d)One of the only two limbs that do not require checking is the womb; the other is - the Simanim (the Kaneh and the Veshet).
15)
(a)How many large ribs does an animal have in its rib-cage?
(b)What is the significance of the word 'large'?
(c)For the animal to be T'reifah ...
1. ... what is the minimum number that must fracture on both side?
2. ... whereabouts must they break?
15)
(a)An animal has - twenty-two large ribs in its rib-cage, eleven on either side (See Tiferes Yisrael).
(b)Large ribs - refers to ribs that contain Mo'ach (fluid that flows from the brain down the entire spinal cord).
(c)For the animal to be T'reifah ...
1. ... the minimum number that must fracture is either six on each side or eleven on one side and one on the other.
2. ... they must break - on top (the part that is close to the spinal cord, from which the animal draws life), from which they actually branch out (and not the lower half that is close to the chest).
16)
(a)Why is an animal that has been clawed by a wolf a T'reifah?
(b)With which of its legs must it claw the animal for the animal to be a T'reifah?
(c)On what condition is the animal not a T'reifah even if the wolf did so?
16)
(a)An animal that has been clawed by a wolf is a T'reifah - because the wolf injects it with poison via its claws (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
(b)For the animal to be a T'reifah - the wolf must claw it with its forelegs.
(c)Even if it did however - the animal will not be a T'reifah if the wolf did not claw it deliberately.
17)
(a)If the animal is a Safek D'rusah, it must be checked (after it has been Shechted) before it can be declared a 'D'rusah'. Whereabouts must it be checked?
(b)On what condition must even a Vaday D'rusah require checking after it has been Shechted?
(c)What must one look for when checking, before declaring the animal a T'reifah?
(d)On what condition is even a Vaday D'rusah therefore Kasher, even if the location of the D'risah is known?
17)
(a)If the animal is a Safek D'rusah, it must be checked (after it has been Shechted) - in the entire area of the intestines, before it can be declared a 'D'rusah'.
(b)Even a Vaday D'rusah require checking after it has been Shechted - if one is not sure of the location of the clawing.
(c)When checking, one needs to ascertain - that the flesh has turned red in order to declare the animal a T'reifah.
(d)Consequently, even a Vaday D'rusah if Kasher, even if the location of the D'risah is known - if the flesh has not turned red.
18)
(a)Rebbi Yehudah explains that not all animals are subject to D'risas Ze'ev. Which kind of animal is not subject to D'risas ha'Ze'ev?
(b)What does he say about D'risas Ari?
(c)Like whom is the Halachah?
(d)Why is that?
18)
(a)According to Rebbi Yehudah, a Beheimah Gasah (a large animal such as an ox) is not subject to D'risas ha'Ze'ev.
(b)He concedes however - that it is subject to D'risas Ari.
(c)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Yehudah ...
(d)... because he explains the Tana Kama rather than urgues with him (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
19)
(a)The Mishnah rules that a small bird is rendered a T'reifah through the claws of a Netz (a large one is not [See Tosfos Yom Tov]). What is a 'Netz'?
(b)What is an example of ...
1. ... a small bird?
2. ... a large bird?
(c)What does the Tana say about a Gas? What is a Gas?
19)
(a)The Mishnah rules that a small bird is rendered a T'reifah via the claws of a 'Netz' - an astor (a large one is not [See Tosfos Yom Tov]).
(b)An example of ...
1. ... a small bird is - a dove or a pigeon.
2. ... a large bird - a chicken or a goose.
(c)The Tana declares - even a large bird that has been clawed by a 'Gas' (a sparrow hawk [or a falcon, according to some commentaries]) a T'reifah.
20)
(a)Which principle does the Tana finally present to ascertain that an animal is a T'reifah?
(b)Besides an animal whose hind legs have been severed, one with a vertebra missing from its spine, one whose skin has been removed and one whose lung has dried up and is hard like wood due to a man-made fright, how many T'reifos, not mentioned in the Mishnah, does it come to include?
20)
(a)The principle the Tana finally presents to ascertain that an animal is a T'reifah is - any defect that an animal sustains with which it cannot normally survive (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
(b)Besides an animal whose hind legs have been severed, one with a vertebra missing from its spine, one whose skin has been removed and one whose lung has dried up and is hard like wood, due to a shock caused by human-beings, the principle comes to include seven T'reifos (which will all be discussed in the Sugya).
Mishnah 2
21)
(a)Besides a hole, with which other blemish in the Gargeres does the Mishnah open the list of things that do not render an animal a T'reifah (See Tiferes Yisrael)?
(b)Up to how much does Raban Shimon ben Gamliel allow to be missing for the Gargeres to still be Kasher?
(c)What if the holes denote missing pieces of Gargeres or if there are a number of strips missing from the Gargeres?
(d)On what condition is an animal still Kasher even though it has ...
1. ... a split Gargeres?
2. ... a fractured skull?
3. ... a hole in the heart?
21)
(a)Besides a hole in the Gargeres, the Mishnah opens the list of things that do not render an animal a T'reifah (See Tiferes Yisrael) with - one that is split.
(b)Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel allows - up to the size of an Italian Isar (a coin) to be missing for the Gargeres to still be Kasher.
(c)If there are many small holes that or if there are a number of strips missing from the Gargeres it becomes a T'feifah assuming none of the Gargeres is missing - if the holes or the strips add up to the majority of the Shi'ur of the Gargeres (See Nimukei ha'Geriv), and assuming some of the Gargeres is missing - if they add up to the size of an Italian Isar.
(d)An animal is still Kasher even though it has ...
1. ... a split Gargeres - as long as a little remains intact at both ends.
2. ... a fractured skull - as long as the membrane that surrounds the brain remains intact.
3. ... a hole in the heart - as long as it does penetrate through to the cavity.
22)
(a)And on what condition is the animal still Kasher even though...
1. ... it has a fractured spine?
2. ... its liver has been removed?
3. ... a punctured Hemses and Beis ha'Kosos?
(b)The next two cases which do not render the animal a T'reifah are an animal whose spleen or kidneys have been removed. What will the Din be if ...
1. ... the thick part of the spleen is punctured to within the thickness of a golden Dinar of the other side?
2. ... both kidneys have been removed?
(c)If the Tana holds that a kidney that has shrunk to the size of a large bean on account of illness renders a small animal a T'reifah, to what size must the kidney of a large animal have shrunk, to render the animal a T'reifah?
(d)And on what condition will he consider it a T'reifah if it is full of water?
22)
(a)And the animal is still Kasher even though...
1. ... it has a fractured spine - provided the spinal cord remains intact.
2. ... its liver has been removed - provided a k'Zayis remains.
3. ... its Hemses and Beis ha'Kosos are punctured - provided the hole runs from one to the other.
(b)The next two cases which do not render the animal a T'reifah are an animal whose spleen or kidneys have been removed. If ...
1. ... however, the thick part of the spleen is punctured to within the thickness of a golden Dinar of the other side, the animal is a T'reifah.
2. ... both kidneys have been removed - the animal is nevertheless Kasher.
(c)The Tana holds that a kidney that has shrunk to the size of a large bean on account of illness renders a small animal a T'reifah, whereas in order to render a large animal a T'reifah - the kidney must have shrunk - to the size of a regular size grape.
(d)It will also he considered a T'reifah if it is full of water - which is dirty.
23)
(a)The last two (unanimous) cases are where the Eim is missing and a Charusah bi'Yedei Shamayim. What is ...
1. ... the 'Eim'?
2. ... a 'Charusah'? Why is is called by this name?
(b)What is the significance of a 'Charusah bi'Yedei Shamayim'?
(c)A Charusah bi'Yedei Adam (where it was frightened by a person) is T'reifah. What if it is caused by a Chayah (such as the roar of a lion)?
23)
(a)The last two (unanimous) cases are where the Eim is missing and a Charusah bi'Yedei Shamayim. The ...
1. ... 'Eim' is - the womb, and a ...
2. ... 'Charusah' is - a lung that has shriveled and become dry (like the branch of a date-palm [Chariyos shel Dekel]).
(b)A 'Charusah bi'Yedei Shamayim' - where it was frightened by the elements (such thunder and lightning).
(c)A Charusah bi'Yedei Adam where it was frightened by a person - or by the roar of a lion or of any other Chayah is a T'reifah (Note; How we know which is which will be explained in the Gemara.
24)
(a)According to Rebbi Meir, a G'ludah too is Kasher. What is a 'G'ludah'?
(b)What do the Chachamim say?
(c)On what condition is a G'ludah Kasher, even according to the Chachamim?
(d)What if all the skin is intact except for the width of a Sela along the entire length of the spine?
(e)Like whom is the Halachah?
24)
(a)According to Rebbi Meir, a G'ludah - an animal that is completely skin too is Kasher.
(b)The Chachamim - declare it a T'reifah.
(c)A G'ludah is Kasher even according to the Chachamim however - if skin to the width of a Sela remains intact along the entire length of the spine.
(d)If all the skin is intact except for the width of a Sela along the entire length of the spine - the animal is a T'reifah (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
(e)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.
Mishnah 3
25)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses the T'reifus of a bird. If, like an animal, a hole in the Veshet renders it a T'reifah, what defect in the Gargeres does so?
(b)On what condition is a bird that has been 'struck on the head' by a weasel (See Tosfos Yom Tov) a T'reifah?
(c)Why is that?
(d)How can one determine whether the K'rum shel Mo'ach has been punctured?
25)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses the T'reifus of a bird (See Tosfos Yom Tov). Like an animal, a hole in the Veshet - and a fracture in the Gargeres render it a T'reifah.
(b)A bird that has been 'struck on the head' by a weasel (See Tosfos Yom Tov) is a T'reifah - provided it is struck in a location that is subject to T'reifus ...
(c)... for fear that the K'rum shel Mo'ach has been punctured.
(d)One can determine whether the K'rum shel Mo'ach has been punctured - by placing one's hand in its mouth and pressing one's finger upwards (to see whether the brain oozes out.
26)
(a)In the previous case, what does the Mishnah mean by 'struck on the head'?
(b)Why can it not mean literally 'struck with its foreleg'?
26)
(a)In the previous case, what the Mishnah means by 'struck on the head' is that - the weasel bit it.
(b)It cannot mean literally 'struck with its foreleg' - because that would fall into category of 'D'risah' (trampled), which extends to other areas of the body and which will be discussed later.
27)
(a)The next two T'reifos are a hole in the Kurk'van or in the intestines. What is a 'Kurk'van'?
(b)On what condition does this render the bird a T'reifah?
(c)And on what condition is a bird a T'reifah if it falls into a fire?
(d)What color does the Tana say they must be for the animal to ...
1. ... be a T'reifah?
2. ... remain Kasher?
27)
(a)The next two T'reifos are a hole in the Kurk'van - the craw (stomach of a bird) or in the intestines.
(b)This renders the bird a T'reifah - provided the stomach and its pouch are both punctured in the same location (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
(c)A bird is a T'reifah if it falls into a fire - provided its insides shrink from the heat and change color.
(d)The Tana says, that for the animal to ...
1. ... be a T'reifah - they must have turned green/yellow.
2. ... remain Kasher - they must still be red.
28)
(a)Once again, the previous ruling cannot be taken literally and needs to be explained. How does the stated distinction affect ...
1. ... the heart, the liver and the stomach in land birds?
2. ... the intestines?
3. ... birds that live in the water?
(b)What principle governs these Halachos?
(c)How large an area needs to be affected for the bird to be a T'reifah
28)
(a)Once again, the previous ruling cannot be taken literally and needs to be explained. The stated distinction refers specifically to ...
1. ... the heart, the liver and the stomach in land birds - which are generally colored red, but as far as ...
2. ... the intestines, which are generally yellow/green are concerned, they will render the bird a T'reifah - if they turn red, and the same will apply to ...
3. ... the heart, the liver and the stomach of birds that live in the water (since they too, are generally yellow/green).
(b)The principle that governs these Halachos is - if the heat causes the color to change, the bird is a T'reifah; otherwise, it remains Kasher.
(c)The area that needs to be affected for the bird to be a T'reifah is - a Mashehu (like the Din of a hole).
29)
(a)What does the Mishnah say about a bird that a man ...
1. ... treads on?
2. ... bangs against the wall?
(b)On what condition will a bird remain Kasher if an animal crushed it and it is still shuddering?
(c)And on what condition is one then permitted to eat it?
29)
(a)The Mishnah rules that a bird that a man ...
1. ... treads on and that he ...
2. ... bangs against the wall - is T'reifah.
(b)A bird remains Kasher if an animal crushed it and it is still shuddering - provided it survives twenty-four hours.
(c)One is then permitted to eat it - after checking it.
Mishnah 4
30)
(a)What does the Mishnah say about a Gargeres of a bird that is punctured or split?
(b)How much must be missing for a hole where part of the Gargeres is missing to render the bird a T'reifah?
(c)On what condition is a bird that has been struck by a weasel on the head still Kasher?
(d)What is the Din if a there is a hole in the Zefek?
(e)To which part of the Zefek does this ruling not apply?
(f)Rebbi is even more lenient. What does he say?
30)
(a)The Mishnah declares - Kasher a Gargeres of a bird that is punctured or split.
(b)For a hole where part of the Gargeres is missing to render the bird a T'reifah - the majority of the size of the hollow part of the Gargeres must be missing.
(c)A bird that has been struck by a weasel on the head is still Kasher - assuming it struck it on part of the head that is not subject to T'reifus.
(d)A hole in the Zefek (the Zefek) does not render it a T'reifah either.
(e)This ruling does not apply to the part of the Zefek - that comes away together with the Veshet (to which it is attached), has the same Din as the Veshet 9and the smallest hole renders it a T'reifah).
(f)Rebbi maintains that - even if the Zefek has been removed (See Tosfos Yom Tov), the bird is still Kasher.
31)
(a)On what condition does a bird whose intestines came out and have been returned remain Kasher?
(b)And on what condition will it nevertheless become a T'reifah?
(c)The bird also remains Kasher if it has a broken wing. What is the bird's status if it has a dislocated wing?
(d)Why is that?
31)
(a)A bird whose intestines come out and are returned remains Kasher - provided they have not been punctured.
(b)It will nevertheless become a T'reifah - if they are returned in a different order than the way they came out (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
(c)The bird also remains Kasher if it has a broken wing - but not if its wing is dislocated ...
(d)... because then we suspect that it pierced the lungs that protrude through the rib-cage, since the membrane that envelops them is soft and vulnerable.
32)
(a)If the bird's leg is broken below the knee, the bird remains Kasher. On what condition will it remain Kasher even it is broken above the knee?
(b)What does Rebbi Yehudah say about a bird whose feathers (that are close to the skin) have been removed?
(c)How much plumage must be removed for the bird to be a T'reifah?
(d)What does the Tana Kama hold?
(e)Like whom is the Halachah?
32)
(a)If the bird's leg is broken below the knee, the bird remains Kasher. It will remain Kasher even it is broken above the knee - provided the bone does not protrude.
(b)According to Rebbi Yehudah, a bird whose feathers (that are close to the skin) have been removed is - T'reifah ...
(c)... provided nothing remains.
(d)The Tana Kama holds that - it is Kasher.
(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
Mishnah 5
33)
(a)What does the Mishnah now say about a bird that ...
1. ... becomes ill due to a sudden influx of blood (Achzah Dam) that inhales smoke (ha'Me'ushenes) or that becomes ill from cold (ha'Metzunenes)?
2. ... ate Hardufni (a plant that is poisonous for animals), chicken's excrement or water that has been left uncovered?
(b)How does the Rambam translate 'Achuzas Dam'?
(c)If he translates 'ha'Me'ushenes' as a bird that is overcome by its own black body liquids, how does he translate 'ha'Metzunenes'?
(d)Why, according to him, does the Mishnah decline to mention the red body liquid?
33)
(a)The Mishnah now rules that a bird that ...
1. ... becomes ill due to a sudden influx of blood (Achzah Dam) that inhales smoke (ha'Me'ushenes) or that becomes ill from cold (ha'Metzunenes), that ...
2. ... ate Hardufni (a plant that is poisonous for animals), chicken's excrement or water that has been left uncovered (See Tiferes Yisrael & the first Tosfos Yom Tov on the Mishnah) - is Kasher.
(b)The Rambam translates 'Achuzas Dam' as - high blood pressure.
(c)He translates 'ha'Me'ushenes' as a bird that is overcome by its own black body liquids and 'ha'Metzunenes' as - one that is overcome by its own white body liquids.
(d)According to him, the Mishnah declines to mention the red body liquids - because they are rarely found in animals.
34)
(a)What does the Tana finally rule in a case where a bird ate poison or was bitten by a snake?
(b)Why does he not issue the same ruling with regard to a bird that ate Hardufni?
34)
(a)The Tana finally rules that, if a bird eats poison or is bitten by a snake - although the bird is Kasher, one may not eat it because eating it poses a danger to one's life.
(b)He does not issue the same ruling with regard to a bird that ate Hardufni - because Hardufni is poisonous to animals but not to humans. Note: It is not clear however why he not issue the same ruling with regard to a bird that drank uncovered water.
Mishnah 6
35)
(a)What distinction does the Mishnah draw between the Simanim of an animal and those of a bird?
(b)What Siman does the Tana present that renders a bird a T'reifah?
(c)'Doreis' means that it holds its prey with its claw and picks it up from the ground whilst eating it. How do others explain it?
35)
(a)The Mishnah states that - whereas the Torah presents the Simanim of an animal (See Tosfos Yom Tov), it does not present those of a bird.
(b)The Siman the Tana present that renders a bird a T'reifah is - one that is 'Doreis'.
(c)'Doreis' means that it holds its prey with its claw and picks it up from the ground whilst eating it. According to others, it means that - the bird eats its prey whilst it is still alive (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
36)
(a)Of the three Simanim that render a bird Tahor, two of them are an extra claw and a crop. What is the third?
(b)Where is the extra claw?
(c)What exactly does 'Kurkevano Niklaf mean?
36)
(a)Of the three Simanim that render a bird Tahor, two of them are an extra claw and a crop. The third is - that its stomach can be peeled (by hand [See Tosfos Yom Tov]).
(b)The extra claw is - at the back, slightly higher up than the other claws.
(c)'Kurkevano Niklaf' means - that one can peel away the bag that holds the food) that is inside the stomach.
37)
(a)On what condition will one of the three above Simanim suffice to render a bird Kasher?
(b)What did the Ga'onim say about this. Which of the three Simanin be must it be for the bird to be declared Kasher?
(c)What does Rebbi Eliezer b'Rebbi Tzadok mean when he says that any bird that divides its legs is Tamei?
(d)Why does he say that?
37)
(a)One of the three above Simanim will suffice to render a bird Kasher - provided one knows for sure that it is not Doreis.
(b)According to the Gaonim, for the bird to be Kasher, it must have 'Kurkevano Niklaf'.
(c)When Rebbi Eliezer b'Rebbi Tzadok says that any bird that divides its legs is Tamei, he is referring to a bird that, when it is placed on a wire, it grips the wire by placing two claws on either side of it (See Tosfos Yom Tov) ...
(d)... because that is a sign that it is Doreis.
38)
(a)According to the Tana Kama, three of the four signs of a Kasher locust are that it has four legs and four wings, and that it has Karsulayim. What are 'Karsulayim'?
(b)What is the fourth sign?
(c)What sign does Rebbi Yossi add?
(d)Like whom is the Halachah?
38)
(a)According to the Tana Kama, three of the signs of a Kasher locust are that it has four legs and four wings, and that it has 'Karsulayim' - legs for jumping.
(b)The fourth sign is - that its wings cover the majority of its body (See Tosfos Yom Tov).
(c)Rebbi Yossi adds - that it must be called 'Chagav'.
(d)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Yossi.
39)
(a)What are the two signs of a Kasher fish?
(b)What does Rebbi Yehudah say about this?
(c)What if ...
1. ... neither of them have yet grown, but are destined to grow later?
2. ... the fish has them, but it is destined to shed them at a later stage?
39)
(a)The two signs of a Kasher fish are that - it has a fin and a scale.
(b)According to Rebbi Yehudah - it must have at least two scales (See Tosfos Yom Tov) and a fin.
(c)If ...
1. ... neither of them have yet grown, but are destined to grow later (See Tosfos Yom Tov), or if ...
2. ... the fish has them, but it is destined to shed them at a later stage - it is nevertheless Kasher.
