Question (R. Avuna to R. Imi): Is a gentile commanded in the Mitzvah of 'sanctifying Hash-m's Name' (Kiddush Hash-m)?

Answer (R. Imi): The pasuk states (Vayikra 22:32), "I shall be sanctified amidst the children of Yisrael'' - Yisrael are commanded in Kiddush Hash-m but not the gentiles.

(R. Nasa citing R. Elazar): Prove it from here - (Naaman, the head of the army of Aram, who was miraculously healed of his Tzra'as, accepted to stop worshipping idolatry, but he bowed to an idol because he was together with and fearful of the king. He said) (Melachim 2:5:18), "For this thing, may Hash-m forgive Your servant''. Elisha was silent and accepted this, because only a Yisrael is commanded in Kiddush Hash-m, but not a gentile.

R. Abba bar Zamina was tailoring clothing at the home of a gentile in Rome. The gentile brought him Neveilah (unslaughtered) meat and told him to eat it. He refused. He told him, "Eat it or I'll kill you''. He said, "If you wish to kill me, kill me, but I'm not eating it.'' The gentile said, "You should know that if you would have eaten it, I would have killed you. If you want to be a Jew, be a Jew even if they kill you for it; and if you want to be a gentile, be a gentile.''

(R. Mana): If R. Abba would have heard the words of the Rabbanan earlier (above Chulin 9 (n)) (that only for idolatry, immorality and murder must one lay down his life), he would have eaten the meat.

Question: (The Mishnah (Chulin 9(a)) taught that if a person plowed his field during Sheviis, he may not plant in it after Sheviis.) If a man plowed his field and then died, may his son plant in it after Sheviis?

Answer (R. Yaakov bar Acha/ R. Imi citing R. Yosi bei R. Chanina): If he plowed and died, his son may plant; if he plowed and then sold the field, the buyer may not plant. If the buyer transgressed and planted, the produce is permitted, as Chazal only decreed things that people are able to keep (but they cannot be careful that no such produce is mixed into other produce).

Question: If a field was plowed (a second time) during Sheviis nowadays (after R. Yannai permitted plowing once in Sheviis; see above Chulin 9(i)), would it be permitted to plant?

Answer (R. Yirmiyah): It would seem to be permitted.

(R. Yosi): Didn't R. Yirmiyah hear that one who plows again is given lashes and he is disqualified from being a witness? He certainly heard it, but he was theoretically discussing why it shouldn't be permitted.

(R. Chizkiyah): (R. Yirmiyah did intend to actually permit it.) I asked these questions (of R. Yosi) to R. Yirmiyah and he responded (differently, saying), "But which Beis Din was able to cancel the original ruling (that it was permitted to plow)''? (If it's permitted to plow (due to the government's decrees), there is also no penalty that prohibits planting when plowing was done in a prohibited way and Beis Din would need to reinstate that penalty.)

Support for R. Chizkiyah (Baraisa): If a Yisrael girl comes to light from a Kohen girl's flame, she should immerse her wick in Terumah Temeyah and then light.

(Rav Chuna citing Beis R. Yannai): That refers to a time of a plague of marauding wolves (making it dangerous to be outdoors without a candle; but we don't find that Beis Din annulled this law after the plague passed - and here also, they did not annul the permission to plow nowadays.

Similarly (just as R. Yirmiyah and R. Yosi disagree over Sheviis, so too they disagree over the following case -) When may a person acquire his produce in Sheviis (rather than leave it as ownerless)?

R. Yirmiyah reasoned that it's from when he puts them in his own utensils (even though this is prohibited).

R. Yosi reasoned that even when puts them in his utensils, he does not acquire them - as he thinks that they are his produce when they are actually ownerless.

(The Mishnah (Chulin 9(c)) taught that Beis Shammai say that one may not eat from its produce and have gratitude (to the field owner).) It's like the story of R. Tarfon, who went to eat from his own drying figs, like the opinion of Beis Shammai, and didn't reveal to the people his true identity. The guards there saw him and began hitting him.

When he saw that he was in danger, he said to the guards, "By your lives, go to the house of Tarfon and tell them to prepare for him burial shrouds.'' When they heard this, they fell on their faces and asked him forgiveness. He said to them, "For every time you struck me, I forgave you, as I accepted my Divine punishment for transgressing the words of Beis Hillel.''

In these two laws, R. Tarfon was stringent like Beis Shammai - one is this case of Sheviis produce and the other is in his recital of Krias Shema (that he was travelling and he lay down to say it and was attacked by bandits. In both cases, he endangered his life as a result this practice).

(R. Abahu citing R. Chanina ben Gamliel): Throughout the life of R. Tarfon, he would fast and moan over this (that when he said 'Prepare Tarfon's shrouds', he used the honor of Torah for his own benefit).