1)

(a)The Mishnah says that Erchin, Sadeh Achuzah, a Shor ha'Mu'ad that killed, Oneis u'Mefateh and Motzi Shem-Ra - all possess a Kula and a Chumra.

(b)The basic difference between Erchin and Damim is that - whereas the former is an arbitrary amount fixed by the Torah, depending on age and sex, the latter is determined by the person's intrinsic value ...

(c)Consequently ...

1. ... the Kula of Erchin over Damim is that - assuming the Ne'erach is a fine, highly-skilled man (See Tosfos Yom Tov) between the ages of twenty and sixty, one pays only fifty Sela'im.

2. ... the Chumra of Erchin over Damim - is that even if he is an ugly (and useless [See Tiferes Yisrael]) Eved, one still has to pay fifty Sela'im.

2)

(a)The Tana Kama interprets the Pasuk in Bechukosai "ve'Chishav lo ha'Kohen es Michsas ha'Erckecha" to mean that - when redeeming one's field from the purchaser, one must pay him the intrinsic value of the field.

(b)He learns from the word "Meches" (in the Pasuk in Matos (in connection with the tax which the people had to give to Elazar and the Kohanim from the booty that they captured from Midyan) that - "Michsas" means the intrinsic value.

(c)A Sadeh Achuzah, on the other hand (See also Tosfos Yom Tov), one redeems at the fixed price of fifty Shekalim per Beis Zera 'Chomer' better-known as - a Kur [thirty Sa'ah]) of barley.

(d)Since that is the redeeming value at the beginning of the Yovel, one much pay - a Sela and a Pundiyon (a forty-eighth of Sela) per Beis Zera Chomer of barley, per annum.

(e)If there are trees growing in the field - he must pay their full value when redeeming it.

3)

(a)The Mishnah mentions a field in Cholas ha'Mechoz and a field in Pard'sos Sevasti. 'Cholas ha'Mechoz' means either the area surrounding the town - or is the actual name of a town.

(b)The former fields are worth less because many people pass through them - the latter more, on account of the many trees that grow in them.

(c)According to the Tana Kama ...

1. ... the Kula of a Sadeh Achuzah over a Sadeh Mikneh is - if he redeems a field in Pard'sos Sevasti, which are worth far more that the arbitrary price that he pays for them, and ...

2. ... the Chumra of a Sadeh Achuzah over a Sadeh Mikneh is - where he redeems a field in Cholas ha'Mechoz - where he will pay far more than their real value.

4)

(a)Rebbi Eliezer learns from the Gezeirah-Shavah "ve'Chishav" (by Sadeh Mikneh) from "ve'Chishav" (by Sadeh Achuzah) that - the Din of fifty Shekalim per Chomer of barley extends to a Sadeh Mikneh.

(b)And the Chumra of Sadeh Achuzah over Sadeh Mikneh is - the extra fifth that the owner has to pay when redeeming it (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

5)

(a)The Torah writes in Mishpatim (in connection with a Shor Mu'ad that gored a person) " ... ve'Nasan Pidyon Nafsho" - with reference to the value of the Nizak (the victim).

(b)If the Nizak is an Eved Cana'ani, the owner is obligated to pay - thirty Sela'im.

(c)The Chumra and Kula that now pertains to someone whose ox gored an Eved Cana'ani is - where the Eved is worth more or less than thirty Shekalim (respectively).

(d)In the event that ...

1. ... the Nizak is a ben Chorin - he must pay his full value.

2. ... the Shor Mu'ad only wounded either the ben Chorin (See Tosfos Yom Tov) or the Eved - he must full damages.

6)

(a)'Oneis' is - a man who rapes a Besulah; 'Mefateh' - one who seduces her.

(b)Both are obligated to pay the girl's father - fifty Sela'im.

(c)The Mishnah now says - that they too are subject to 'Lehakel and Lehachmir' ...

(d)...

1. ... Lehakeil - if she is the daughter of a Kohen Gadol, and ...

2. ... Lehachmir - if she is the daughter of a simple Yisrael.

7)

(a)An Oneis and a Mefateh are Chayav to pay, besides the fifty-Sela K'nas - Boshes (the girl's embarrassment) and P'gam (the amount that she has depreciated since she is no longer a virgin [See Tosfos Yom Tov]).

(b)The Tana rules - that one assesses Boshes according to the Mevayesh (the rapist) and the Misbayesh (the girl).

(c)When assessing the Boshes according to ...

1. ... the Mevayesh in that - the less important the man is, the greater the amount that he pays.

2. ... the Misbayesh - the more important she is, the more he has to pay (See Tiferes Yisrael).

8)

(a)'Motzi-Shem-Ra' is - when a man wrongly claims that his newly-wed wife was not a virgin when he married her.

(b)He must pay his wife's father - a hundred Sela'im.

(c)Here too, the Mishnah talks about Lehakel and Lehachmir; Lehakeil - if she is the daughter of a Kohen Gadol, Lehachmir - if she is the daughter of a simple Yisrael.

(d)The Tana point out how, on the one hand - the Torah obligates an Oneis and a Mefateh (who performed an immoral act) to pay only fifty Sela, whilst on the other, a Motzi-Shem-Ra pays a hundred (for merely slandering his wife (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

9)

(a)In support of his last statement, the Tana cites the Pasuk in Sh'lach-l'cha "Vayenasu Osi Zeh Eser Pe'amim ve'Lo Sham'u be'Koli" - which Hash-m said following the incident of the Meraglim ...

(b)... which comprised speaking derogatively about Eretz Yisrael, which in turn, turned out to be the last straw that caused the entire nation to die in the desert and not to enter Eretz Yisrael.

(c)And he learns it from the word "Zeh" (See Tosfos Yom Tov).