1)

(a)If someone sells his field in the Yovel year - the sale is invalid (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)What the Mishnah therefore means when it says that someone who sells his field in the Yovel may not redeem it for two years, is that - he sells it at a time when the Yovel applies (but not in the actual Yovel year).

(c)The Tana learns this ruling from the Pasuk "be'Mispar Sh'nei Tevu'os Yimkor lach" - where the word "Sh'nei" can also mean 'two'.

(d)We also learn from the Pasuk "be'Mispar Shanim achar ha'Yovel Tikneh" that - the purchaser too, transgresses an Asei if he returns the field before the two-year period has terminated ...

(e)... which we know - from the previous Pasuk ("be'Mispar Sh'nei Tevu'os Yimkor lach").

2)

(a)If, after the two years, the seller wants to redeem the field, but the purchaser does not want to relinquish it - we force the purchaser to accede to the seller's request.

(b)Assuming the seller sold the field for a Manah (a hundred Zuz) ten years before the Yovel, and he comes to redeem it after five years, he must pay the purchaser - half a Manah.

(c)If one of the two years was a ...

1. ... year of drought or of mildew (See Tosfos Yom Tov) or if it was a ...

2. ... Sh'mitah year - it is not counted.

(d)However, if the purchaser plowed the field but did not sow seeds or did not even bother to plow it - It is counted

(e)The source of the former ruling is - the Pasuk "Sh'nei Tevu'os", implying thaat the years must be fit to yield two produces.

3)

(a)In a case where Reuven sold Shimon a field before Rosh ha'Shanah with the produce fully grown, Rebbi Elazar says that - Shimon will enjoy a minimum of three produces in the first two years before Reuven is permitted to redeem it (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)The Chachamim - agree with Rebbi Elazar (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

4)

(a)In a case where Reuven sells his field to Shimon for a Manah and Shimon sells it to Levi for two hundred Zuz, Reuven redeems the field from - Reuven.

(b)The Tana learns this ruling from the Pasuk in B'har - "la'Ish asher Machar lo".

(c)And he learns from the word there "la'Ish" that, in a case where he sold the field to Shimon for two hundred Zuz and Simon, to Levi for a Manah that he redeems it from Levi - because the Torah ought otherwise to have written - 'la'asher Machar lo".

5)

(a)With regard to the previous cases, we learn from the Gezeirah-Shavah 'Ge'ulah' 'Ge'ulah' from Eved Ivri that - in both cases, one goes le'Kula for the seller.

(b)With regard to an Eved Ivri who is worth a Manah when he is sold and improved to the point that he is worth two when he redeems himself from his master, we learn from the Pasuk in B'har "mi'Kesef Miknaso" - that, when redeeming himself, he only needs to deduct according to the Manah that he was worth at the time of his sale (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)And from the Pasuk there "K'fi Shanav", we learn that if his sale value went down - then he deducts according to his current value.

6)

(a)The Mishnah forbids ...

1. ... selling a distant field in order to redeem from the purchaser a field that is close by (See Tosfos Yom Tov), selling a poor-quality field in order to a redeem a good one ...

2. ... borrowing money in order to redeem his field from the purchaser and ...

3. ... redeeming half his field.

(b)Based on the Pasuk "ve'Hisihah Yado u'Matza k'dei Ge'ulaso", we learn from ...

1. ... "ve'Hisigah Yado" that - he is not allowed to borrow money in order to redeem his field, from ...

2. ... "u'Matza" that - he may only redeem it with whatever he did not possess at the time when he sold it (but not to sell a distant field hat he had at the time ...) and from ...

3. ... "k'dei Ge'ulaso" that - he must redeem the entire field (and not just part of it).

(c)The equivalent Din with regard to redeeming from Hekdesh is that - all of the above cases are permitted.

7)

(a)If somebody sells a house in a walled city in Eretz Yisrael ...

1. ... he is permitted to redeem it - immediately ...

2. ... and he has twelve months in which to redeem it.

(b)The Mishnah refers to the sale as 'ke'Miyn Ribis' - because if he returns t without deducting anything, it transpires that that the money is akin to a loan, in which case he benefited from the house on account of the loan.

(c)It is not real Ribis however - since it was not in the form of a loan but a sale (See also Tiferes Yisael).

8)

(a)In the event that ...

1. ... the seller dies - his son can redeem the field from the purchaser.

2. ... the purchaser dies - the seller can redeem it from the purchaser's heirs.

(b)Assuming that Reuven sold his house to Shimon in Nisan, and Shimon sold it to Levi in Iyar, Reuven may redeems it - until Nisan (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)The Tana learns this from the word - "lo" (in the Pasuk "ad M'los lo Shanah Temimah"), implying the person who purchased it from him, not necessarily the one who currently owns it.

(d)The Tana Kama learns from the word "Temimah" that - in a leap-year, the seller has an extra month in which to redeem the field.

(e)According to Rebbi one gives the seller 'Shanah ve'Iburah' - the eleven days of the sun year over and above the moon year.

(f)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

9)

(a)The moment the twelve months have passed, the sale of a house in a walled city becomes permanent. The Mishnah learns from the word "li'Tzemisus" (See Tosfos Yom-Tov) that - the Din of redemption within a year extends to a gift.

(b)To prevent the sellers from redeeming their houses in walled cities - the purchasers used to hide on the last day of the twelfth month, in order.

(c)In order to counter that, Hillel ha'Zakein instituted that a. the owner may place the money in a designated room in the Beis-ha'Mikdash, and b. that he is then permitted to break open the lock and enter the house (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(d)The purchaser could go and collect his money - whenever it suited him.

10)

(a)According to the Tana Kama, everything that is within the walls of the city has the Din of Batei Arei Chomah except for fields. Besides olive-presses, bathhouses and towers 'everything' incorporates - pits, trenches and caves containing water.

(b)He learn this from the words " ... asher ba'Ir" - which implies whatever is inside the city.

(c)This does not include fields however - since the Torah says "ha'Bayis".

11)

(a)Regarding the previous Halachah, Rebbi Mei says - that fields are included.

(b)In view of the word "ha'Bayis" (in which case he cannot be referring literally to fields), he is referring to - large rocks from which one takes stones, and sand-pits from which one takes sand, both for building purposes.

(c)Rebbi Yehudah says that a house that is built inside the walls of the city - is not subject to the Din of 'Batei Arei Chomah'.

(d)Rebbi Shimon disagrees - because, he maintains that the outer city wall is also the wall of his house (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(e)The Halachah in ...

1. ... this Machlokes is - like Rebbi Yehudah.

2. ... the Machlokes between the Tana Kama and Rebbi Meir is - like the Tana Kama.

12)

(a)The Tana now discusses a city 'whose roofs are its walls' - by which he means that its walls are formed by the outermost houses (See Tosfos Yom Tov) or one which is surrounded by walls but not from the time of Yehoshua bin Nun.

(b)The Mishnah rules in both cases - that it does not have the Din of 'Batei Arei Chomah'.

(c)The Tana learns ...

1. ... the former ruling from the word "Chomah - implying a wall and not houses.

2. ... the latter ruling from the words "Lo" (in the Pasuk "asher Lo Chomah") - which is spelt with both a 'Vav' (indicating that it does have a wall around it) and with an 'Alef' (See Tosfos Yom Tov [indicating that it does not]), which he explains to mean that (even if) it doesn't have a wall now it did have one then.

13)

(a)To qualify as a 'Batei Arei Chomah', the minimum size a 'city' must be is - one that comprises at least three courtyards, each containing at least two houses.

(b)The Tana lists 'Katzrah ha'Yeshanah shel Tzipori, Chakrah shel Gush Chalav, Yudfas ha'Yeshanah, Gamla, Gadud, Chadid, Ono and Yerushalayim' - as 'cities' that were walled in the time of Yehoshua bin Nun (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)We reconcile the last item on the list with the known fact that Yerushalayim was not distributed among the tribes (See Tosfos Yom Tov) - by establishing it by a second city of the same name.

(d)The Mishnah concludes that - 'the same applies to any other city like these.

14)

(a)The Mishnah states that Batei ha'Chatzerim - houses in open cities without walls (like full-fledged cities [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) have, at one and the same time, the advantage of both Batei Arei Chomah and of fields.

(b)They have the advantage of ...

1. ... Batei Arei Chomah - inasmuch as they can be redeemed immediately up to the end of twelve months.

2. ... fields - in that they revert to the seller in the Yovel (See Tosfos Yom Tov) or in the event that he redeems them.

(c)In defining Batei ha'Chatzerim, the Tana presents a case of two courtyards each comprising two houses - even if it was surrounded by a wall in the time of Yehoshua bin Nun (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

15)

(a)A Levi who sells a house in a walled city - can redeem it forever (as we will learn at the end of the Mishnah).

(b)When Rebbi says ...

1. ... that a Yisrael who inherits from his maternal grandfather who is a Levi does not redeem in the way that we described until now (implying that he has the Din of a Levi), he really means that he only redeems ... , and ...

2. ... the same amendment applies to a Levi who inherits from his maternal grandfather.

(c)Rebbi learns from the Pasuk ...

1. ... "ki Batei Arei ha'Levi'im hi Achuzasam" that - the current ruling is restricted to the cities of the Levi'im (thereby precluding a Levi who inherits from his maternal grandfather who is a Yisrael).

2. ... "va'Asher Yig'al min ha'Levi'im" - some Levi'im but not others, to preclude a Levi who is born to a Mamzeres or a Nesinah, Kal va'Chomer a Yisrael who inherits from his maternal grandfather who is a Levi (who is a regular Yisrael).

(d)The Chachamim - agree with Rebbi's former ruling (confining the Din of a Levi to a house in the city belonging to the Levi'im), but not with regard to his latter ruling.

(e)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.

16)

(a)The Torah writes "(in connection with a field in a city belonging to the Levi'im "u'Sadeh Migrash Areihem Lo Yimacher". A 'Migrash' is - a stretch of land that is left empty (for aesthetic reasons).

(b)The Pasuk cannot be taken literally - since another Pasuk says 'Ge'ulas Olam Tih'yeh la'Levi'im".

(c)What the Pasuk therefore means is that - they are not permitted to turn a field into a Migrash ...

(d)... or a Migrash into a field.

17)

(a)The Mishnah also forbids turning a Migrash into a city or vice-versa.

(b)Rebbi Eliezer permits turning ...

1. ... a field of a Yisrael into a Migrash (See Tosfos Yom Tov), and ...

2. ... a Migrash of a Yisrael into a field (See Tosfos Yom Tov DH 'Ein Osin ... '.

(c)He also permits turning a Migrash into a city, but not a city into a Migrash - in order not to destroy Jewish cities.

18)

(a)The Mishnah finally learns from the Pasuk "Ge'ulas Olam Tih'yeh la'Levi'im" - that Kohanim (See Tosfos Yom Tov) and Levi'im can both sell and buy whenever they want.

(b)The Chidush of 'Mochrin Le'olam' is that - they can sell property even within two years of the Yovel (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)The Chidush of 'Go'alin Le'olam' concerning ...

1. ... a house is that - even if it is in a Batei Arei Chomah, he can redeem it after a year, and if it is ...

2. ... a field - even within two years of the sale.