(a)What does the Tana means when he asks 'Keitzad Me'abrin es ha'Ir?'?
(b)Why does he use the Lashon 'Me'abrin'?
1)
(a)When the Tana asks 'Keitzad Me'abrin es ha'Ir', he means to ask - how one connects buildings etc. that jut out from the skyline of the city into the T'chum.
(b)He uses the word 'Me'abrin' - because the jutting buildings can be compared to a pregnant woman.
2)
(a)The Mishnah then discusses what happens if one house or one Pagum at the edge of the city juts out and one house or a Pagum juts in, or if there are Gedudiyos by one of the corners. What is the meaning of ...
1. ... a 'Pagum'?
2. ... 'Gedudiyos'?
(b)In order to contend with the Gedudiyos, how ...
1. ... tall must they be?
2. ... far away from the main city wall may they be?
(c)He adds to the list Gesharim (covered bridges [See Tos. Yom-Tov]) and Nefashos. What are 'Nefashos'?
(d)On what condition do we contend with the Gesharim and the Nefashos?
2)
(a)The Mishnah then discusses what happens if one house or one Pagum at the edge of the city juts out and one house or a Pagum juts in, or if there are Gedudiyos by one of the corners. A 'Pagum' is ...
1. ... a tower that is often built into the wall on the corners of the city walls (See Tos. Yom-Tov), whereas ...
2. ... ' Gedudiyos' - are pieces of broken walls or ruins of houses.
(b)In order to contend with the Gedudiyos, they must be ...
1. ... at least ten Tefachim tall.
2. ... no further away from the main city wall - that seventy Amos plus (See Tos. Yom-To).
(c)He adds to the list Gesharim (covered bridges [See Tos. Yom-Tov]) and 'Nefashos' - tombstones).
(d)We contend with the Gesharim and the Nefashos - provided there is a place for somebody to reside (See Tos. Yom-Tov and Tiferes Yisrael).
3)
(a)What do all of the above have in common, in connection with fixing the T'chum of the city?
(b)How does one then fix the T'chum?
(c)What is the difference between fixing it in the form of a circle and of a square?
3)
(a)All of the above have in common in that - one reckons the T'chum of the city from them.
(b)One then fixes the T'chum - in the form of a square (See Tiferes Yisrael) ...
(c)... adding the corners to what the T'chum would be if it was in the form of a circle.
Mishnah 2
4)
(a)What does Rebbi Meir mean when he says 'Nosnin Karfaf la'Ir'?
(b)What is the exact distance of 'Karfaf'?
(c)How do we learn it from the Pasuk in Mas'ei (in connection with the cities of the Levi'im) "mi'Kir ha'Ir va'Chutzah Elef Amah Saviv"?
4)
(a)When Rebbi Meir says 'Nosnin Karfaf la'Ir', he means - that one adds a short distance to the extremity of the town, before measuring the two thousand Amos that make up T'chum Shabbos (See Tos. Yom-Tov).
(b)The exact distance of 'Karfaf' is - seventy Amos and two thirds of an Amah (i.e. four Tefachim).
(c)We learn it - from the word "va'Chutzah" (in the Pasuk in Mas'ei [in connection with the cities of the Levi'im] "mi'Kir ha'Ir va'Chutzah Elef Amah Saviv"), implying that one should give "Chutzah" (a Karfaf) to the town, before measuring two thousand Amos.
5)
(a)What do the Chachamim say? On what condition do they too, contend with a Karfaf?
(b)What exactly does this mean?
(c)What are then the ramifications of the Karfaf?
(d)Like whom is the Halachah?
5)
(a)The Chachamim only contend with a Karfaf - if it is between two towns ...
(b)... in which case one allows a maximum of seventy and two thirds Amos for each town (a hundred and forty-one and a third Amos in total [See Tos. Yom-Tov]) to consider the two towns as joined ...
(c)... and one is allowed to traverse from the extremity of one of the towns to the extremity of the other, and to walk two thousand Amos from there.
(d)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.
Mishnah 3
6)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses three villages that are Meshulashin. What does 'Meshulashin' mean?
(b)On what condition does the middle village render all three villages one?
(c)How far may the middle village be from the two outer villages for it to combine the three villages?
(d)Why is that? What is the meaning of 'Ro'in'?
6)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses three villages that are 'Meshulashin' - meaning that the middle village is not in line with the two outer one.
(b)The middle village renders all three villages one - provided if it was line with the others, the distance between it and each of the two outer ones does not exceed a hundred and forty-one and two thirds Amos.
(c)For the middle village to combine the three villages into one - it may not be further from the two outer villages thn two thousand Amos ...
(d)... because, seeing as then, one is allowed to walk from it to either of them without an Eiruv, one is able to apply the principle 'Ro'in' - we consider it as if it was in line with the other two villages.
Mishnah 4
7)
(a)Those who measure the T'chum Shabbos may only use a rope measuring fifty Amos. What must the rope be made of?
(b)Why may it not be ...
1. ... any shorter?
2. ... any longer?
(c)Whereabouts on one's body must the two men who are measuring hold the rope?
(d)Why is that?
7)
(a)Those who measure the T'chum Shabbos may only use a rope measuring fifty Amos - that is made of flax.
(b)It may it not be ...
1. ... any shorter - because then it tends to stretch more, with the result that they will extend the T'chum beyond two thousand Amos.
2. ... any longer - because then it tends to sag in the middle, thereby shortening the T'chum.
(c)The two men who are measuring must hold the rope - next to their hearts.
(d)... because if one of them holds it beside his neck and the other, by his feet, they will end up reducing the T'chum.
8)
(a)What do the measurers do if their way is blocked by a steep valley or a stone wall that has collapsed, leaving a tall pile of rubble?
(b)How wide (irrespective of the depth or the height) may the valley be for the current ruling to apply?
(c)What does the Tana mean when he adds 've'Chozer le'Midaso'?
8)
(a)If the measurers' way is blocked by a steep valley or a stone wall that has collapsed, leaving a tall pile of rubble - they absorb it in their measurements (i.e. one stands on one side of the abyss or the rubble, and the other on the other side, and they carry on measuring as if it was not there ...
(b)... provided (irrespective of the depth or the height) the obstruction measures less than fifty Amos from one side to the other.
(c)When the Tana adds 've'Chozer le'Midaso', he means - that if the section of obstruction that corresponds to the skyline of the city measures more than fifty Amos (in which case the rope will be too short), one then moves across to a section that does not correspond to the skyline of the city, but that measures less than fifty Amos from one side to the other, before moving back to his previous point of measurement and continues measuring from there.
9)
(a)What do the measurers do if their way is blocked by a hill (See Tiferes Yisrael)?
(b)Under what circumstances are they not permitted to measure from the edge of the hill that is not in line with the city's skyline?
(c)What if it is not possible to absorb the hill in the measurement? What is the literal meaning of 'Mekadrin'?
(d)What size rope do they then use?
(e)Where do they then place it?
9)
(a)If the measurers' way is blocked by a hill or a mountain - they do very much the same as in the previous case (See Tiferes Yisrael).
(b)They are not permitted to measure from the edge of the hill that is not in line with the city's skyline - if it requires leaving the T'chum.
(c)If it is not possible to absorb the hill in the measurement - then they include the slope in their measurements ('Mekadrin') as if there were holes bored into the hill at intervals (See Tos. Yom-Tov).
(d)They then used a rope measuring four Amos ...
(e)... which the man below holds next to his heart, and the man above next to his feet.
10)
(a)What is the advantage of using the method of 'Mekadrin'? How much do they gain per four Amos?
(b)In whose did Rebbi Dustai b'Rebbi Yanai present this ruling?
(c)Like whom is the Halachah?
10)
(a)The advantage of using the method of 'Mekadrin' is - that they gain half the height of a person per four Amos.
(b)Rebbi Dustai b'Rebbi Yanai presented this ruling in the name of - Rebbi Meir.
(c)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Dustai b'Rebbi Yanai.
Mishnah 5
11)
(a)The Tana requires the measuring to be performed by a Mumcheh. What does he mean?
(b)Based on the Pasuk in Masei "u'Machah al Yam Kineret", what else might he mean when he says 'Ein Mod'din Ela min ha'Mumcheh'?
(c)What does one do if one finds two T'chum markers that do not tally or if two measurers differ in their measurements?
(d)What is the reason for this?
11)
(a)The Tana requires the measuring to be performed by a Mumcheh - (an expert).
(b)Based on the Pasuk in Masei "u'Machah al Yam Kineret", when he says 'Ein Mod'din Elamin ha'Mumcheh', he might also mean - that one should measure the T'chum over a flat area, to avoid having to make 'Kidur'.
(c)If one finds two T'chum markers that do not tally or if two measurers differ in their measurements - one accept the one that is further ...
(d)... because we assume that the other pair did not stretch the rope properly as they are obligated to.
12)
(a)What does the Tana say about an Eved or a Shifchah who identify the exact spot where the Eiruv ends?
(b)Why is the Mishnah so lenient regarding Eiruv (See Tos. Yom-Tov)?
(c)On what grounds might we not be so lenient when it comes to the T'chum of three Parsah (twelve Mil)?
12)
(a)The Tana rules that we believe even an Eved or a Shifchah (See Tiferes Yisrael) who identify the exact spot where the Eiruv ends.
(b)The Mishnah so lenient regarding Eiruv - because it is purely mi'de'Rabbanan (See Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)We might not be so lenient when it comes to the T'chum of three Parsah (twelve Mil), which some maintains, is d'Oraysa (See Tos. Yom-Tov and Meleches Sh'lomoh).
Mishnah 6
13)
(a)What does the Mishnah mean when it refers to a town that belonged to a Yachid but that now belongs to many?
(b)What does the Tana say about it?
13)
(a)When the Mishnah refers to a town that belonged to a Yachid but that now belongs to many, he is referring to - a Yachid initially purchased the entire town and has now rented it out to others.
(b)The Tana - permits making an Eiruv for all the residents unconditionally.
14)
(a)On what condition is one permitted to make an Eiruv on behalf of the town, in the reverse case (where it previously belonged to the community and now belongs to an individual?
(b)How many residents must the Shiyur include, according to Rebbi Yehudah, to permit the Eiruv to be made?
(c)What does this have to do with 'Ir Chadashah'?
(d)What is the reason for the Shiyur?
(e)What does Rebbi Shimon say?
14)
(a)One is permitted to make an Eiruv on behalf of the entire town, in the reverse case (where it previously belonged to the community and now belongs to an individual - but only on condition that one leaves a Shiyur (people who do not participate in the Eiruv) even if those not participating live outside the town.
(b)According to Rebbi Yehudah, the Shiyur must include at least fifty people ...
(c)... corresponding to the residents of the town of Chadashah (the smallest town in Eretz Yisrael) who numbered fifty.
(d)The reason for the Shiyur - is based on the decree prohibiting an Eiruv in a public city without a Shiyur, to remind the people that without an Eiruv, one is forbidden to carry. And here too, we are afraid that the town will revert to becoming a communal town.
(e)According to Rebbi Shimon - the Shiyur need not consist of more that three courtyards each comprising no more than two houses.
Mishnah 7
15)
(a)What does the Mishnah say about a traveler who is east of his town and who asks his son to place an Eiruv to the west (or vice-versa) before dusk, and it then turns out that his house is two thousand Amos away from his current location but the Eiruv is more?
(b)Why is that?
(c)What if it transpires that the Eiruv is two thousand Amos away from his current location but his house is more?
(d)And what does the Tana say about someone who places his Eiruv in a house located within the Ibur of the town?
(e)Why is that?
15)
(a)In the case where a traveler who is east of his town and who asks his son to place an Eiruv to the west (See diagram in the commentaries on the Mishnah [or vice-versa') before dusk, and it then turns out that his house is two thousand Amos away from his current location but the Eiruv is more, the Mishnah rules - that he is permitted to return to his house ...
(b)... because we assume that he would want to go home should the Eiruv fall through (See Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)If it transpires that the Eiruv is two thousand Amos away from his current location but his house is more - that he is permitted to use his Eiruv as his central pint, but not his house (though he is allowed to go to to his house [See Tiferes Yisrael]).
(d)The Tana also rules that if someone places his Eiruv in a house located within the Ibur of the town - his Eiruv is useless ...
(e)... because it is as if he placed it inside the town, from whih he is permitted to walk two thousand Amos in all directions anyway.
16)
(a)The Tana declares that if someone places his Eiruv outside the T'chum even one Amah, what he gains he loses. What does he mean by 'outside the T'chum?
(b)What does he thenmean? What is he coming to teach us?
(c)What, for example, will be the Din if he places his Eiruv on the east side of the town ...
1. ... one Amah outside the Ibur?
2. ... one thousand Amos outside the Ibur?
(d)This teaches us that tne entire city is considered like four Amos. On what condition will this not be the case, and the owner of the Eiruv will not be permitted to go even one Amah beyond where the two thousand Amos (literally) ends?
16)
(a)The Tana declares that if someone places his Eiruv outside the T'chum - (i.e. outside the Ibur) even one Amah, what he gains he loses.
(b)What he then means - is that what he gains in the one direction by placing the Eiruv, he loses in the opposite direction.
(c)For example, he places his Eiruv on the east side of the town ...
1. ... one Amah outside the Ibur - he will lose one Amah to the west (which was initially permitted to him).
2. ... one thousand Amos outside the Ibur - then he has a radius of two thousand Amos to the east, incorporating one thousand Amos up to the town, the town, which has the Din of four Amos, plus a thousand Amos to the west, instead of the two thousand that he previously had.
(d)This teaches us that the entire city is considered like four Amos- unless the T'chum from the location of the Eiruv, teminates somewhere in the middle of the town, in which case he is not permitted to go west of that point (as we shall see shortly).
Mishnah 8
17)
(a)What distinction does the Mishnah draw between the residents of a large town within whose T'chum there lies a small town and the residents of a small town within whose T'chum there lies a large one (inside which their T'chum ends)?
(b)What is the reason for the latter?
(c)What does the Tana Kama then say about the residents of ...
1. ... a large town who places his Eiruv in the middle of a small one that lies within the T'chum of his town?
2. ... a small town who places his Eiruv in the middle of a large one that lies within the T'chum of his town?
17)
(a)The Mishnah rules that the residents of a large town within whose T'chum there lies a small town - are permitted to traverse the small town counting it as if it measured only four Amos (See Tos. Yom-Tov), to get to the end of their T'chum); whereas the residents of a small town within whose T'chum there lies a large one (inside which their T'chum ends) - may only walk as far as their T'chum, but no further ...
(b)... as we explained in the previous Mishnah.
(c)The Tana Kama then say rules that the residents of ...
1. ... a large town who places his Eiruv in the middle of a small one that lies within the T'chum of his town, or of ...
2. ... a small town who places his Eiruv in the middle of a large one that lies within the T'chum of his town - are permitted to consider the town from the location o the Eiruv until the end as if it was four Amos, and to go two thousand Amos from there.
18)
(a)What does Rebbi Akiva hold?
(b)Seeing as this Halachah differs from the previous one, how can the Tana introduce it with the word 'Keitzad'?
(c)Like whom is the Halachah (See Tos. Yom-Tov)?
18)
(a)Rebbi Akiva however holds - that they are allowed to walk two thousand Amos only from the location of the Eiruv.
(b)Despite the fact that this Halachah differs from the previous one, the Tana is able to introduce it with the word 'Keitzad' - because we say 'Chasurei Mechs'ra ve'Hachi Katani' (there is a section missing from the Mishnah, which tallies with 'Keitzad'.
(c)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.
Mishnah 9
19)
(a)How did Rebbi Akiva try to prove his previous ruling from a case where the owner placed his Eiruv in a cave?
(b)To which the Chachamim retorted that this only applies to a cave where there are no residents. What does this imply?
(c)What do the Chachamim mean by 'a cave where ...
1. ... there are no residents'?
2. ... residents live?
(d)And what does the Tana mean when he concludes that, in that case, the inside of the cave is more lenient than on top of it?
(e)And what final point does he make to stress once again the difference between someone who places his Eiruv in an unbroken cave and someone whose T'chum ends in the very same cave, according to the Chachamim of Rebbi Akiva?
19)
(a)Rebbi Akiva try to prove his previous ruling from a case where the owner placed his Eiruv in a cave - where the Rabbanan agree that the owner has only two thousand Amos from the cave.
(b)To which the Chachamim retorted that this only applies to a cave where there are no residents - implying that if there are, he is allowed to walk two thousand Amos from the edge of the area where the residents live.
(c)When the Chachamim say 'a cave where
1. ... there are no residents', they really mean - a cave whose walls are broken and that is not fit to live in.
2. .. there are residents, they mean - a cave which is fit to inhabit, even though there is nobody currently residing there.
(d)And when the Tana concludes that, in that case, the inside of the cave is more lenient than on top of it, he is referring to the fact - that if the the owner places his Eiruv inside a cave that is fit to inhabit, the owner is allowed two thousand Amos from the edge of the cave; whereas if he places it on top of the same cave, he is allowed two thousand Amos only from the location of the Eiruv.
(e)And finally, he reiterates what we have just learned, stress once again the difference between someone who places his Eiruv in an unbroken cave - where he is allowed to walk two thousand Amos from the edge of the cave; whereas if his T'chum ends in the very same cave, even according to the Chachamim of Rebbi Akiva, he is allowed only two thousand Amos from the location of the Eiruv.
