1)

(a)The Mishnah lists - thirty-six cases of Chayvei Kareis (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)One is actually Chayav Kareis - provided one transgresses be'Meizid and without warning (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)The first two cases of incest are with one's mother (See Tosfos Yom Tov) - and with one's father's wife (even if she is not one's mother).

(d)Next on the list is one's Kalah - daughter-in-law.

2)

(a)The next two cases are homosexuality (See Tosfos Yom-Tov DH 'al ha'Eim') - and bestiality ...

(b)... including a woman who brings the animal on herself (See Tosfos Yom Tov.

(c)Besides a woman and the daughter of her son or of her daughter, and incest with his own daughter, daughter's daughter and son's daughter, 'a woman and her daughter' incorporates - a woman and her mother (his mother-in-law) and grandmother, and the mother of his father-in-law.

(d)After the case of adultery with a married woman, the Tana lists incest with one's own sister - and the sister of his father, his mother and his wife.

(e)The two cases of 'wife' that he then inserts are the wife of his own brother - and the wife of his father's brother.

3)

(a)The last case that the Tana lists from the Parshah of Arayos is - that of someone who has relations with a Nidah.

(b)And before someone who serves Avodah-Zarah, he inserts - Megadef (someone who curses Hash-m [Kevayachol]).

(c)Serving Avodah-Zarah incorporates Shechting a Korban to it, burning incense or pouring out wine to it and prostrating oneself before it (See Tosfos Yom Tov). The difference between them is that - whereas the initial case refers to worshiping a god in the way that it is normally worshipped, the other four cases are Chayav even where that is not the normal method of worship.

(d)Next on the Mishnah's list is someone who hands his child over to a specific Avodah-Zarah - called 'Molech'.

4)

(a)The Tana then inserts Ba'al-Ov - and 'Yid'oni (two kind of witchcraft (See Tiferes Yisrael).

(b)The Tana mentions specifically 'Ba'al-Ov' - because it is mentioned first in the Pasuk.

(c)Someone who performs them both transgress - only one La'av ...

(d)... because that is how the Torah presents them.

5)

(a)Next comes someone who transgresses Shabbos - in any one of thirty-nine ways ('Avos Melachos' plus their Toldos).

(b)The ...

1. ... two cases concerning Tum'ah are someone who eats Kodshim be'Tum'ah - and someone who enters the Beis-ha'Mikdash be'Tum'ah.

2. ... four cases concerning eating are someone who eats Cheilav, Dam, Nosar - and Pigul ...

(c)... incorporating Kodshim which became Pasul when the Kohen or the owner had in mind to eat it after their allotted time expired or outside their allotted location (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

6)

(a)The Tana learns from the Pasuk in Acharei-Mos " ... ve'el Pesach Ohel Mo'ed Lo Hevi'o, Dam Yechashev la'Ish ha'hu Dam Shafach, ve'Nichras ... " - Shechutei Chutz (someone who Shechts Kodshim outside the Azarah) ...

(b)... the Pasuk there " ... asher Ya'aleh Oleh O Zavach ... " - he learns 'ha'Ma'aleh ba'Chutz' (someone who sacrifices a Korban in a location other than the Mizbe'ach [See Tosfos Yom Tov]).

(c)If he performs both forbidden acts, he transgresses - two La'avin ...

(d)... in which case he will be subject to two Korbanos be'Shogeg, and two sets of Malkos if he transgresses be'Meizid in front of two witnesses and is warned.

7)

(a)The Mishnah now inserts a number of Chayvei Kareis in connection with Yom-Tov. One is Chayav Kareis for eating Chametz on Pesach - and for eating or working on Yom Kipur.

(b)Two of the last three cases of Chayvei La'avin that the Mishnah lists are 'Mefatem es ha'Shemen' - and 'Mefatem es ha'Ketores'. 'Mefatem' means - 'to make an exact replica of ... ' [See Tosfos Yom Tov]).

(c)The oil to which the Tana is referring is - the Shemen ha'Mishchah (the anointing oil).

(d)The La'av entails - making an exact replica of the Shemen ha'Mishchah that Moshe Rabeinu made.

(e)'Mefatem' is permitted - if one's intention is to learn how to manufacture the real thing.

8)

(a)The last of the Chayvei La'avin on the Tana's list is - someone who actually anoints himself with the Shemen ha'Mishchah that Moshe made (See Tosfos Yom Tov (in connection with various details concerning the rest of the Mishnah).

(b)The two groups of people who were anointed with it are - Kohanim Gedolim and kings of Yehudah ...

(c)The major difference between the Kohanim Gedolim who were anointed and the kings is - that whereas all Kohanim Gedolim were anointed with it (even sons of the previous incumbents), kings of Yehudah were only anointed if there was a challenger to the throne.

(d)Consequently, they anointed ...

1. ... Shlomoh - on account of his brother Adoniyahu ...

2. ... Yeho'ash - on account of Queen Asalyahu and ...

3. ... Yeho'achaz - because of his uncle Yehoyakim.

(e)The oil is poured on the head of the former and drawn down to between his eye-brows (to form the Greek letter 'Chi'), it is placed on the head of the latter - in the form of a crown.

9)

(a)The two Mitzvos Asei with which the Tana concludes his list are - (the Korban) Pesach and Milah.

(b)Since they are only Mitzvos Asei - they are not subject to a Korban Chatas (be'Shogeg) and obviously not to Malkos (be'Meizid).

(c)We learn from the Pasuk in Vayikra "ve'Asah Achas mi'Kol Mitzvos Hash-m asher Lo Se'asenah" - that only Mitzvos Lo Sa'aseh are subject to a Chatas.

10)

(a)In almost of the above cases of Lo Sa'aseh, says the Mishnah, one is Chayav Kareis on Meizid and Chatas on Shogeg. An example of Shogeg regarding a case of ...

1. ... incest is - where the perpetrator lay with his sister, thinking it was his wife.

2. ... Avodah-Zarah is - where he thought the Torah only forbids Shechitah or one of the other major Avodos, but not anything else.

3. ... Shabbos is - where he thought that it was a weekday (See also Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)In a case of 'Omer Mutar' (where the perpetrator thinks that the Torah did not forbid Shabbos or Avodah-Zarah at all) - the perpetrator is considered an Oneis and is Patur (See Tosfos Yom Tov DH 've'Al Shigegaso').

11)

(a)If one doesn't know whether one has transgressed or not - one is Chayav to bring an Asham Taluy.

(b)The case regarding Cheilev, for example is - where a k'Zayis of Cheilev and a k'Zayis of Chuman are lying in front of Reuven, who picks up one piece and eats it, and then doesn't know which piece he ate.

(c)According to Rebbi Meir, the exceptions to the above rule are Metamei Mikdash ve'Kadashav, who are not subject to an Asham Taluy - because they are subject to a Korban Oleh ve'Yored, and one only brings an Asham Taluy in a case of a Chatas Kavu'a.

12)

(a)The Chachamim add Megadef - because the transgressor did not perform an act (which is ytherefore not subject to a Chatas [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) ...

(b)... because the Torah writes in Korach (in connection with a Chatas) "Torah Achas Yih'yeh lachem la'Oseh bi'Shegagah".

(c)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.

13)

(a)The three categories of Chatas now listed by the Tana (See Tosfos Yom Tov) are one that is brought and eaten, one that is brought and not eaten - and one that is not brought at all.

(b)According to Rebbi Meir, a woman who gives birth to a baby that has the shape of a Beheimah, Chayah or Of belongs to the first category. The Chachamim maintain - only if it resembles a human-being.

(c)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.

14)

(a)Other cases in this category are a woman who gives birth to a Sandal, a Shilya, a Sh'fir Merukam or a V'lad that is cut-up. Some say that a Sandal is a misshapen V'lad, so-called - because its acronym is 'Sanuy ve'Dal' (hated and poor).

(b)Others (See Tosfos Yom Tov) interpret it as - a piece of flesh shaped like a sandal ...

(c)... whose mother must bring a Korban - because it generally comes together with a V'lad (a baby) .

15)

(a)A woman who gives birth to a placenta must bring a Korban - because every Shilya is accompanied by a V'lad.

(b)A 'Sh'fir Merukam' is - a fetal sack containing human-like limbs.

(c)It is called a 'Sh'fir' - because it is shaped like an egg-shell ('Shefoferes').

16)

(a)The Tana states that - the same applies to a Shifchah who gives birth (as to a regular Yisre'elis).

(b)Despite the fact that an Eved is obligated to keep the Mitzvos of woman (and a Shifchah is like an Eved), we might have thought otherwise - since the current Halachah is confined to Shefachos and not to Avadim.

17)

(a)The first item in the next list is a woman who does not know what she miscarried - whether the form to which she gave birth was human or that of a fish or a locust.

(b)The Mishnah is now discussing - the list of those who bring a Korban which is not eaten.

(c)The Korban that the current women bring - comprises two pigeons or two young doves, one as an Oleh and one as a Chatas.

18)

(a)When bringing the Oleh, the mother stipulates that - if she gave birth to a species that requires a Korban, this is her Chiyuv, and if not, then what she is bringing is an Olas Nedavah.

(b)She cannot do this with the Chatas however - because a Chatas (even a Chatas ha'Of) cannot be brought as a Nedavah.

(c)One can however - bring a Chatas ha'Of on a Safek ...

(d)... though it cannot be eaten - because if she is not Chayav, the Melikah that the Kohen performs on a bird renders it a Neveilah ...

(e)Nevertheless it can be brought, since it is only the blood that is sprinkled, and the bird does not go on the Mizbe'ach.

19)

(a)The Mishnah - issues the same ruling in the case of two women who have given birth, one to a species that is Patur from a Korban and one that is Chayav and the two got mixed up.

(b)Each woman must bring - two birds (and stipulate).

(c)We learn from the Pasuk in Vayikra "O Hoda eilav Chataso" - that one cannot stipulate on a Chatas.

20)

(a)Rebbi Yossi maintains that the Chatas cannot be eaten - only if the two women have gone overseas ('one to the east and one to the west') and are not therefore available to/ mk /[l make the required stipulation.

(b)Rebbi Yossi will reconcile his ruling with the previous D'rashah from "O Hoda eilav Chataso" - by establishing the latter by a Chatas that comes to atone (whereas the Korban of a Yoledes merely permits the woman to eat Kodshim), and the Pasuk does not apply to it.

(c)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama (See also Tosfos Yom Tov).

21)

(a)The first three items in the Tana's final list in this series are a woman who gives birth to a fetal sac full of water, blood or Geninim, which means 'bits of colored substance' ('Gevanim') or - worms.

(b)The Tana rules that a woman who gives birth to ...

1. ... something that resembles fish, locusts, or Shekatzim u'Remasim (vermin) or to ...

2. ... a regular V'lad on the fortieth day after Tashmish - is included in the current list (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)The reason for the latter ruling is - because a baby that is born before the forty-first day is considered water.

22)

(a)The last case in the Mishnah is a Yotzei Dofen (a baby that is born by caesarian section).

1. The Tana Kama learns from the Pasuk in Tazri'a "Ishah ki Sazri'a ve'Yaldah" that - a woman is only subject to Tum'as Leidah if her baby is born from the location where the seed goes in (but not if it is born by caesarian section).

2. Rebbi Shimon, on the other hand, learns from the word "Seiled" (in the Pasuk there "ve'Im Nekeivah Seiled") that - she is Tamei Leidah, irrespective of how the baby is born.

(b)Otherwise, according to Rebbi Shimon, the Pasuk ought to have said - "ve'Im Nekeivah Hi".

23)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses a woman who gives birth to a baby 'Or li'Shemonim ve'Echad', which means - the night before the eighty-first day ...

(b)... the day on which she brings her Korban after giving birth to a girl.

(c)Beis ...

1. ... Shamai exempt her from bringing a Korban on the second baby, in spite of the fact that it is the day on which she is already Chayav a Korban for the first one - since one cannot bring a Korban at nighttime, and not a moment has passed on which she is able to bring her Korban.

2. ... Hillel nevertheless obligate her to bring a second Korban - because, since the eighty-first night has the same Din as the eighty-first day regarding Tum'ah (the days of Taharah have ended), it will also be equal to it regarding Korban (as if she gave birth in the day).

(d)Beis Shamai countered Beis Hillel's argument - by differentiating between the day-time, when she is fit to bring her Korban, and the night-time, when she is not.

24)

(a)Beis Hillel countered Beis Shamai's counter-argument - by citing a case where the eighty-first day falls on Shabbos, wich is not a day on which she is able to bring her Korban, yet she is Chayav a Korban.

(b)And Beis Shamai countered that - by drawing a distinction between Shabbos, which is at least subject to a Korban Tzibur, and nighttime, which is not.

25)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses a woman who has five Safek Zivos - who is not sure whether her three consecutive sightings of blood took place during the days of Nidus or of Zivus, or five Safek Leidos.

(b)In order to be permitted to eat Kodshim, she must - bring one Chatas ha'Of ...

(c)... not five, because, since the Korban comes merely to permit her to eat Kodshim, she can be compared to a woman who has five Tum'os, and who only requires one Tevilah to become Tahor.

26)

(a)The difference between the previous case and that of a woman who has five Vaday Zivos or five Vaday Leidos is that - whereas the former does not need to bring a Korban on the remaining four Leidos, the latter does.

(b)The Chachamim did not obligate the latter to bring five Korbanos in the former case, too - since they were loathe to permit her to bring even one Safek Melikas Chulin to the Azarah, let alone five.

(c)We learn from the word "Zos" (in the Pasuk in Tazri'a "Zos Toras ha'Yoledes") that - if a woman gives birth to a second baby after the M'los (the completion of thirty-three days of Taharah (for a boy) or sixty-six (for a girl), she is obligated to bring a second set of Korbanos.

27)

(a)The Mishnah relates an episode where the price of Kinim - two pairs of pigeons or young doves shot up to golden Dinarin (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)Each pair cost - one Dinar Zahav.

(c)To force the shopkeepers to lower their prices, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel issued a decree - permitting women to bring one set of birds even for five Vaday Leidos ...

(d)He saw fit to do so - because at the current price of birds, poorer women would be unable to bring even one Korban, and would therefore proceed to eat Kodshim be'Tum'ah.

(e)The authority to do that is based on the Pasuk in Tehilim - "Eis La'asos la'Hashem, Heiferu Torasecha".

28)

(a)On the very same day, the price of two Kinim dropped to 'Riv'asayim' - two quarter Dinrei Kesef.

(b)By contrast, there are twenty-five silver Dinrim in a golden Dinar.