1)

(a)When the Tana confines the ruling to a Kohen who asked a She'eilah - he is referring to the set of rulings in the first Perek, where, if Chata'os become mixed up with Olos, they must all die, or that if one S'tam Kein becomes mixed up with two or three or more S'tam Kinim, only one Kein is Kasher.

(b)In a case where, without asking, he brings Rachel's Kein S'tumah ...

1. ... above the Chut ha'Sikra - her Olah is Kasher, but her Chatas is not.

2. ... below the Chut ha'Sikra - her Chatas is Kasher, but her Olah is not.

(c)And if he brings the one, two or three S'tam Kinim of Rachel and of Le'ah which became mixed up ...

1. ... above or below the Chut ha'Sikra - half of them (the Olos in the former case, the Chata'os, in the latter) are Kasher.

2. ... half of them above the Chut and half, below - half of those above (the Olos) and half of those below (the Chata'os) are Kasher.

2)

(a)In the first Perek, we learned that if the one Kein of Rachel becomes mixed up with the two Kinim of Le'ah, then Lechatchilach, the Kohen brings the smaller amount (one above and one below). But if, without asking, he brings half above and half, below - the majority will be Kasher.

(b)Assuming, for example, he brings Rachel's ...

1. ... Kein above the Chut, plus one bird from Le'ah's two Kinim (to make up half), and the remaining three birds belonging to Le'ah, below - then two birds (Olos) are Kasher above the Chut, and two (Chata'os), below it (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

2. ... two Kinim above the Chut, plus one bird from Lea'h's three Kinim, and Le'ah's remaining five birds below - then, by the same token, three Olos are Kasher above, and three Chata'os below.

3)

(a)This Mishnah discusses a case of five women, who come with one, two, three, ten and a hundred Kinin S'tumin, respectively, all of which (See Tiferes Yisrael) become mixed up. Assuming the Kohen brings ...

1. ... all of them above the Chut ha'Sikra or ...

2. ... all of them all below the Chut ha'Sikra - half of them are Kasher (the Olos, above, the Chata;os, below).

3. ... half above the Chut and half below it - the majority are Kasher.

(b)In fact, forty-two Kinim both above and below the Chut (half of the owner of the hundred [See Meleches Shlomoh]) are Kasher (See also Tiferes Yisrael).

(c)This is based on the principle that - wherever one can divide the Kinin in a way that all the birds above the Chut belong to one woman, and all the birds below it, to another, then half the birds are Kasher; whereas if the birds of one woman must be divided, some above the Chut and some below it, then the majority of the birds are Kasher (See also Meleches Shlomoh).

4)

(a)When the Mishnah rules that if Rachel has a Kan Chatas) and Le'ah, a Kan Olah [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) and they become mixed up, and the Kohen brings all of them above or all of them below the Chut ha'Sikra, then half of them are Kasher and half, Pasul - it is again referring to the ruling in the first Perek, where we learned that Lechatchilach, if an Olah becomes mixed up with a Chatas, and he asks a Sh'eilah, he is told that they must all die ...

(b)... since Lechatchilah, he is not allowed to bring birds that are supposed to die on the Mizbe'ach.

(c)The Tana concedes however, that if he brings half of them above the Chut and half of them, below, they are all Pasul - since he may have brought Rachel's Chata'os above the Chut and Le'ah's Olos, below.

5)

(a)When the Mishnah discusses a Chatas, an Olah, a Kan S'tumah and a Kan Mefureshes belonging to Rachel and Le'ah (See Tosfos Yom Tov) that become mixed up, it is referring to a case - where Rachel is Chayav to bring a Kein plus a Chatas, and Le'ah, a Kein plus an Olah ...

(b)... and it speaks - where they designated one bird in one of the Kinim as a Chatas for Rachel and the other bird as an Olah for Le'ah, and in the second Kein, they designated one bird as a Chatas and the other, an Olah, but without specifying the owner, and the third Kein they left a S'tumah.

(c)If the Kohen were to ask what he should do, he would be instructed - to bring the two Kinim S'tam (See Tosfos Yom Tov) on behalf of both women, the Olos above the Chut and the Chata'os, below it.

(d)The Mishnah presents the case however, where he either brought all three Kinin above or below the Chut ha'Sikra, or half above and half below it. Thyere where he brought ...

1. ... all three Kinin above or below the Chut ha'Sikra - half the birds are Kasher (the Olos in the former case, the Chata'os in the latter).

2. ... half above and half below it - then only the S'tumah is Kasher.

6)

(a)We learned in the first Perek that if a Chatas becomes mixed up with a Chovah, only the number of Chata'os in the Chovah are Kasher. In the case there, we ruled that one brings less than half the total number of birds. The Mishnah here discusses the alternative that - half the birds are Kasher and half, Pasul.

(b)The Tana presents the latter case as 'Chovah Shenayim be'Chatas', by which he means that - the Kinin into which the Chovah flew contain twice as many Chata'os as Olos (and twice as many Chata'os as flew into them (two Kinim consisting of two Chata'os and one Olah)....

(c)... because the Kohan already brought one of the Olos.

(d)The Kohen cannot bring ...

1. ... the remaining bird (above the Chut ha'Sikra) - in case it is the Chatas.

2. ... the Chatas that became mixed up (below the Chut ha'Sikra) - in case it is the Olah.

7)

(a)The Mishnah continues 'Chatas Shenayim be'Chovah, ha'Minyan she'be'Chovah Kasher'. The case is - where the Kohen already brought one of the Chata'os.

(b)He cannot bring ...

1. ... the two Olos (above the Chut ha'Sikra) - in case he takes the Chatas that is mixed together with them.

2. ... the second Chatas (below the Chut ha'Sikra) - in case he takes the Olah ... .

8)

(a)Exactly the same Dinim apply where an Olah becomes mixed up with a Chovah. Here too, the Tana presents the case where they are equal as 'Chovah Shenayim be'Olah', by which he means that - the Kinin into which the Olah flew (the Chovah) contain twice as many Chata'os as Olos (and twice as many Chata'os as flew into them (two Kinim consisting of two Chata'os and one Olah).

(b)... because the Kohen already brought one of the Olos.

(c)The Kohen cannot bring ...

1. ... the remaining bird (below the Chut ha'Sikra) - in case he took the Olah that is mixed together with it.

2. ... the bird that became mixed up (above the Chut ha'Sikra) in case he takes the Chatas ... .

9)

(a)The Mishnah continues 'Olah Shenayim be'Chovah, ha'Minyan she'be'Chovah Kasher'. The case is - where the Kohen already brought one of the Olos.

(b)He cannot bring ...

1. ... the two Chata'os (below the Chut ha'Sikra) - in case he takes the Olah.

2. ... the second Olah (above the Chut ha'Sikra) in case he takes the Chatas.

10)

(a)The Mishnah rules that if Rachel gives birth to a boy after making a Neder to bring a Kein - she is obligated to bring two Kinin, one for the Neder and one for the Chovah.

(b)The Tana must be speaking where Rachel is poor - because if she was rich, she would bring a lamb for her Chovah.

(c)The Kan Nedavah comprises two Olos - since one one cannot bring a Chatas Nedavah.

(d)Assuming she brings two Kinin S'tumos - the Kohen brings three of them above the Chut ha'Sikra and one, below.

(e)If however, the Kohen, without asking her why she is bringing two Kinin (See Tosfos Yom Tov), brings two of the birds above the Chut ha'Sikra and two, below it - Rachel is obligated to bring another Olas ha'Of, which the Kohen brings above the Chut.

11)

(a)In the above case, but where Rachel specifies which two birds were for her Neder and which two, for her Chovah (and they became mixed up), assuming they all comprise the same species (either pigeons or turtle-doves) - she must bring another three birds ...

(b)... like the ruling in the previous Mishnah where only the Olah in the Chovah is Kasher ('Ein Kasher Ela Minyan Olos she'ba'Chovah' [See Tosfos Yom Tov]).

(c)Whereas if the two Kinin comprise different species (two pigeons and two turtle-doves), and the Kohen does not know which is which - he brings two birds above the Chut and two below it.

12)

(a)Whereas if the two Kinin comprise different species (two pigeons and two turtle-doves), she remains obligated to bring - all four birds.

(b)Assuming that the Kohen brought the two turtle-doves of Rachel's Neder below the Chut, she remains obligated to bring her Neder plus the young pigeon of her Chovah that is a Chatas. On the other hand, she is not even Yotzei with the Olah of her Chovah - in case it was the Chovah that the Kohen brought below the Chut (and the Neder, above it).

13)

(a)The Mishnah now speaks where Rachel fixed her Neder, but she forgot which species she fixed. This case differs from the previous one, where, when handing her two Kinin to the Kohen, she also specified one Kein for her Neder and the other Kein for her Chovah - in that she fixed the two Kinin at the outset.

(b)If the Kohen now brought two birds above the Chut ha'Sikra and two birds below it but does not know whether he brought Rachel's Neder above the Chut and her Chovah below, or vice-versa, them assuming that Rachel fixed ...

1. ... both Kinim from the same species, she must now bring - five birds, whereas if she fixed ...

2. ... one Kein pigeons and the other, young turtle-dove - she must bring six. (We will now proceed to explain both of the previous rulings).

14)

(a)There where she fixed both Kinim from the same species, the only bird that she is Yotzei is the Olah of her Chovah - in case the Kohen brought her Neder below the Chut ha'Sikra.

(b)She is therefore still obligated to bring - a Chatas for her Chovah and two Olos for her Nedavah.

(c)The reason that she has to bring five birds is - because she does not remember which species she fixed for her Nedavah (in which case she needs to bring two of each).

(d)Bearing in mind that she brings the Chatas as a Safek - it is not eaten and must be burned.

15)

(a)In the case where Rachel fixed each Kein from a different species, she remains obligated to bring - another six birds - four for her Neder (as in the previous case), plus a Chatas and an Olah for her Chovah.

(b)She is not Yotzei with the Olas Chovah, as she was in the previous case - because in the event that the Kohen did not bring the correct species for her Chatas Chovah and she is obligated to bring the Chatas from the other species, she must also bring the Olah from the same species.

(c)She is not obligated to do so in the previous case - because, seeing as the two Kinin were from the same species, she is Yotzei with the Olas Chovah Mah Nafshach (either the first time or the second time).

16)

(a)The Tana continues with a case where Rachel gave the two Kinim to the Kohen, and where neither she remembers what she gave nor does the Kohen remembers what he did. The three sides of ...

1. ... her Safek are - whether she fixed her Neder from pigeons and her Chovah from young turtle-doves or vice-versa, or whether she did not fix both from the same species.

2. ... his Safek are - whether he brought one Kein above the Chut and one Kein below, or whether he brought them both above the Chut or both below it.

(b)Rachel is now obligated to bring seven birds - four (two of each species), for her Neder, two for her Chovah plus one additional Chatas (See Tiferes Yisrael, note 58).

(c)According to ben Azai, she is obligated to bring - two extra Chata'os (See Tosfos Yom Tov & Ma'aynei Yehoshua).

17)

(a)Rebbi Yehoshua compares the previous ruling to the mantra that 'When the sheep is alive it has only one voice, but after it dies, it has seven' which basically means that - whereas in its lifetime, a sheep emits only one sound, after its death, it emits seven (which we will explain shortly).

(b)Similarly, in the previous ruling - two Kinim would have sufficed when the woman initially declared her Neder, whereas she ended up having to bring four birds for her Neder and four birds for her Chovah (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)When Rebbi Yehoshua says that the sheep's two horns are used to manufacture two trumpets, he means - two Shofros (See Tosfos Yom tov).

(d)From its two calf-bones one manufactures - two flutes.

(e)Its skin is used to make a drum, from its small intestines (See Tosfos Yom Tov) one makes the strings of a lute (See also Tiferes Yisrael) and from its large intestines - the strings of a harp.

18)

(a)Others include the sheep's wool in the list, from which one manufactures Techeiles. They are actually referring to - the Me'il, which is made purely of Techeiles ...

(b)... and which produces a voice - by means of the thirty-six bells which are attached around its hem (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)Nevertheless, the Tana Kama does not insert the sheep's wool in his list - since it is not the wool that produces the voice.

19)

(a)Rebbi Shimon ben Akashya learns from the Pasuk in Iyov ...

1. ... "Meisir Safah le'Ne'emanim ve'Ta'am Zekeinim Yikach" that - Amei ha'Aretz become more and more confused as they grow older.

2. ... "bi'Yeshishim Chochmah, ve'Orech Yamim Tevunah" that - on the other hand, Talmidei-Chachamim become weaker but wiser (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)He knows that ...

1. ... the former Pasuk is referring to Amei-ha'Aretz - because the preceding Pasuk specifically mentions them.

2. ... the latter Pasuk is referring to Talmidei-Chachamim - because what connection do Amei-ha'Aretz have with Chochmah?

(c)This is similar to Rebbi Yehoshua's previous statement - in that just as there, when it dies, the sheep increases to seven voices, so too, here when Talmidei-Chachamim become old, their Chochmah increases.