1)

(a)The three kinds of animals the Mishnah permits one to feed Chametz as long as one is allowed to eat it - are Beheimos, Chayos and Ofos.

(b)Having mentioned ...

1. ... Beheimos, the Tana nevertheless sees fit to mention Chayos - because whereas the former tend to leave what they do not eat in the open, so that the owner will subsequently be able to burn it, the latter (such as martens, cats and weasels) tend to hide their food (See also Tos. Yom-Tov).

2. ... Chayos, he sees fit to mention Beheimos - precisely because they leave their leftover food in the open, rendering the owner subject to 'bal Yera'eh (See Tiferes Yisrael).

3. ... Beheimos and Chayos, he added Ofos - only because he already mentioned them (since the three are often listed together).

(c)Besides deriving benefit from one's Chametz - the Tana also allows one to sell it during that period.

(d)The Mishnah says 'Kol Sha'ah she'Mutar Le'echol Ma'achil ... ', and not just 'Kol sha'ah she'Ochel Ma'achil ... ' - because the Tana is coming to teach us here that even a Yisrael is allowed to benefit from his Chametz Terumah during the fifth hour, since a Kohen is allowed to eat it ...

(e)... like Raban Gamliel.

2)

(a)The ultimate Halachah is - 'Ochlin Kol Arba, Tolin Kol Chameish (even as regards Terumah) and Sorfin Kol Sheish'.

(b)The Tana finds it necessary to state ...

1. ... 'u'Mochrin le'Nochri' - to preclude the opinion of Beis Shamai, who require the Chametz to be destroyed before Pesach, and who consequently forbid selling it a Nochri unless one is absolutely certain that he will finish it before then.

2. ... 'Mutar be'Hana'aso' to teach us that - the ashes of Chametz that one burns before the time of Isur is Mutar be'Hana'ah even after the time of Isur arrives.

3)

(a)When the Mishnah forbids deriving benefit after the time has passed - it means after the beginning of the sixth hour ...

(b)... even though the Isur Hana'ah is only mi'de'Rabbanan.

(c)The Tana goes so far as to include Chametz Nokshah - (e.g. grain on which water dripped, which is not real Chametz in this ruling.

(d)Chametz Nokshah even on Pesach is - only Asur mi'de'Rabbanan.

(e)If someone betroths a woman on Erev Pesach with Chametz Nokshah - the Kidushin is void (as if it had been Asur min ha'Torah).

4)

(a)Rebbi Yehudah learns that the Mitzvah of destroying Chametz on Erev Pesach can only be performed through burning it - from the Din of Nosar ...

(b)... to which Chametz is comparable - in that it too, is Asur be'Hana'ah and is subject to Kareis if someone eats it.

(c)The Chachamim - permit scattering one's Chametz and throwing it into the wind.

(d)When they say 'Cheilev shel Shor ha'Niskal Yochi'ach' they mean that - we can learn from the Cheilev of an ox that has to be stoned, which like Nosar, is Asur be'Hana'ah and is subject to Kareis, yet it does not require burning, that Chametz need not be burned either.

5)

(a)The Mishnah - permits the Chametz of a Nochri 'over which Pesach passed', but - forbids that of a Yisrael.

(b)In spite of the fact that the former may even be eaten, the Tana says 'Mutar be'Hana'ah' and not 'Mutar ba'Achilah' - to balance with 'Asur be'Hana'ah' in the Seifa.

(c)The Tana quotes the Pasuk in Bo "Lo Yera'eh l'cha Se'or" as his source. Assuming it pertains to ...

1. ... the Seifa - it means that the prohibition is a penalty for transgressing the La'av of Bal Yera'eh.

2. ... the Reisha - it is coming to teach us that the Chametz of a Nochri is permitted after Pesach ...

(d)... since the Torah writes "Lo Yera'eh l'cha Se'or", implying that the Chametz of a Nochri is permitted (in which case, the Chachamim saw no reason to forbid it).

6)

(a)In the case of a Nochri who lends a Yisrael money against a security of Chametz - the Mishnah permits deriving benefit from it after Pesach.

(b)For the Chametz to be permitted, the Yisrael must stipulate that - in the event that he fails to pay back the loan, the security will belong to the Nochri retroactively (from before Pesach).

(c)In addition - he must place the Chametz in the domain of the Nochri before Pesach.

(d)In the reverse case, where the Yisrael lends the Nochri money against his Chametz and stipulates that it will belong to him (the Yisrael) retroactively should he fail to pay back the loan (See Tos. Yom-Tov) - the Chametz is forbidden after Pesach.

7)

(a)The Tana Kama rules that Chametz which is buried under ruins - is considered destroyed, in which case it is permitted after Pesach.

(b)Raban Shimon ben Gamliel qualifies the Tana Kama's ruling - by restricting it to where it is too deep for a dog to dig it up (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)A dog is expected to dig for Chametz - up to three Tefachim.

(d)In any event, one is obligated to nullify it - in case one comes to dig it up on Chol ha'Mo'ed, in which case one will transgress 'bal Yera'ah' and 'bal Yimatzei' (See Tiferes Yisrael).

8)

(a)A Zar who eats Terumah be'Shogeg is obligated to pay the Kohen - the amount that he ate plus a fifth.

(b)We would otherwise have thought that if he does so on Pesach he is Patur - because the Chametz, which is Asur be'Hana'ah, has no value.

(c)The Tana nevertheless rules that he is Chayav - based on the Pasuk in Emor (in connection with a Zar who eats Terumah be'Shogeg) "Venasan la'Kohen es ha'Kodesh", which teaches us - that a Zar who eats Terumah be'Shogeg pays fruit which is fit to be declared Terumah ...

(d)... which in turn, indicates that he is not paying for the value of what he ate, but 'fruit for fruit'.

9)

(a)If someone eats Terumah be'Meizid - the Tana exempts him from paying anything at all ...

(b)... even if he was Shogeg with regard to Chametz ...

(c)... because for eating Terumah be'Meizid, a Zar has to pay the full value of the Terumah that he ate like other damages, and Chametz has no value.

(d)He is even Patur from paying for the Chametz in its minimal capacity as fuel - since even that is prohibited once the Chametz becomes Asur be'Hana'ah.

10)

(a)The Mishnah lists five species of grain with which one can fulfill one's obligation of Matzah on Seider night - wheat, barley, rye, oats and spelt.

(b)One cannot fulfill one's obligation with Orez and Dochen (rice and millet) - - since they cannot become Chametz ...

(c)... and we learn from the Pasuk in Re'ei "Lo Sochal alav Chametz, Shiv'as Yamim Tochal alav Matzos" - that whatever cannot become Chametz cannot be used for Matzas Mitzvah either.

11)

(a)The Tana rules - that one can be Yotzei with Matzah made from D'mai, Ma'aser Rishon whose Terumah (T'rumas Ma'aser) has been taken, and Ma'aser Sheini and Hekdesh that have been redeemed.

(b)One is Yotzei with D'mai - since one is able to declare one's property Hefker and eat it.

(c)The Chidush regarding ...

1. ... Ma'aser Rishon whose Terumah has been taken - is based on the word 'T'rumaso' (its Terumah), implying that Terumah Gedolah has not been taken; and it speaks where the Levi arrived in the field before Miru'ach (flattening the pile of corn after winnowing it, which creates the Chiyuv to separate Terumah) has taken place, in which case the owner is allowed to give him Ma'aser Rishon (even though Terumah Gedolah has not yet been taken).

2. ... Ma'aser Sheini and Hekdesh that have not been redeemed is that - even though the owner has not yet paid the extra fifth, the Ma'aser and the Hekdesh are both redeemed and the extra fifth becomes a debt.

(d)The Mishnah adds to the list 'a Kohen with Chalah and Terumah'. We might have thought otherwise - because perhaps the Torah requires Matzah that is fit for anybody to eat (and not just Kohanim).

12)

(a)The Tana then rules - that one is not Yotzei the Mitzvah of Matzah with Tevel, Ma'aser Rishon whose Terumah has not been taken, and Ma'aser Sheini and Hekdesh that have not been redeemed.

(b)The Chidush by ...

1. ... Tevel is that - this applies even to Tevel mi'de'Rabbanan.

2. ... Ma'aser Rishon whose Terumah has not been taken is that - it speaks where, like in the Reisha, Terumah Gedolah has not yet been taken, but where he received the Ma'aser after the Miru'ach took place.

3. ... Ma'aser Sheini and Hekdesh that have not been redeemed is that - it speaks even where he did actually redeem it, but with an un-minted coin.

13)

(a)We learn from the Pasuk in Bo "u'Shemartem es ha'Matzos' - that the Matzos must be guarded against becoming Chametz 'Le'shem Mitzvas Matzah' (for the sake of the Mitzvah of Matzah).

(b)Nevertheless, one cannot be Yotzei with Loaves of a Todah and the wafers of a Nazir that one baked for one's Korban, despite the fact that they were deliberately guarded against Chametz - since they were not guarded for the sake of Matzas Mitzvah, but rather for the sake of the Korban.

(c)One can however, be Yotzei with them - if they were baked with the intention of selling them ...

(d)... because the owner has in mind when he bakes them that, in the event that he cannot sell them, he will use them himself for Matzah shel Mitzvah.

14)

(a)Five items appear on the Mishnah's list of things with which one can fulfill the Mitzvah of Maror on Seider-Night.

(b)The first item on the list is - 'Chazares' (lettuce [Chasa in Arabic]).

(c)'Ulshin' (endives), the second item on the list, is followed by Tamcha, Charch'vina (a creeper that grows round date-palms (See Tos-Yom-Tov) and Maror - the extremely bitter root that we use.

15)

(a)The Tana - permits using the stalks of the above five species for the Mitzvah ...

(b)... even when they ...

1. ... are dry, but not when they ...

2. ... have been pickled or well-cooked or ...

3. ... boiled.

(c)The Mishnah - permits the combination of any of the five species of Maror to make up a k'Zayis ...

(d)...and the Heter pertains to Matzah as well.

(e)The Tana also permits using Maror of ...

1. ... D'mai and of ...

2. ... Ma'aser Rishon whose Terumah has been taken or with Ma'aser Sheini or Hekdesh which have been redeemed (just like he did regarding Matzah).

16)

(a)The Mishnah - forbids soaking bran before feeding the chickens after the time of Isur Chametz, either in ...

1. ... cold water or in...

2. ... warm water, but he permits doing so in ...

3. ... boiling water (Choltin) ...

(b)... because as long as the water is boiling, it will not allows the bran to become Chametz.

(c)However nowadays - we do not rely on Chalitah).

17)

(a)The Tana - forbids a woman to pre-soak the bran that she takes with her to the bath-house (to rub in her skin) - but permits actually rubbing dry bran on her skin, even though she is perspiring from the heat of the bath-house ...

(b)... because perspiration is not Machmitz.

(c)He forbids however a person to chew wheat before placing it on a wound on Pesach ...

(d)... because spittle is Machmitz).

18)

(a)The Mishnah forbids placing flour into Charoses - (a mixture containing vinegar and water [See Tos. Yom-Tov]) or mustard on Pesach ...

(b)... to use as a condiment, to dip in the meat.

(c)In the event that one does add flour to mustard, the Tana Kama obligates the owner to eat it immediately. It is not necessary to burn it - because the sharpness of mustard does not allow the flour to become Chametz straightaway.

(d)Rebbi Meir - forbids it ...

(e)... because he maintains - that it does.

19)

(a)In the event that one added flour to Charoses - the Tana Kama concedes that it is forbidden ...

(b)... because, seeing as it is not as sharp as mustard, it is Machmitz straightaway.

(c)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.

20)

(a)The Tana forbids boiling the Korban Pesach in water or in fruit-juice. He learns the latter ruling from - the double expression "u'Vasheil Mevushal" (in the Pasuk in Bo "u'Vasheil Mevushal ba'Mayim").

(b)He nevertheless permits - anointing the meat with it or dipping the meat into it after it has been roasted.

(c)We might have otherwise thought that it is forbidden (as it is regarding Matzah) - since it negates the pure taste of the meat.

(d)We learn an additional Chidush from the Mishnah in 'Keitzad Tzolin' - which permits a group of Kohanim to eat a Pesach that was anointed with Terumah oil ...

(e)... a proof that anointing it with fruit-juice is permitted - even before roasting (See also Tos. Yom-Tov).

21)

(a)Finally, the Mishnah discusses Mei Tashmisho shel Nachtom - the water that a baker uses to cool down his hands whilst baking the Matzos.

(b)The Tana requires it to be poured out on to a slope to drain ...

(c)... because it is Machmitz.