(a)Besides a Meis, Eiver min ha'Meis, k'Zayis (Basar) min ha'Meis and Eiver min (ha'Chai u'min) ha'Meis which includes a k'Zayis Basar (all of which we already learned above), the Mishnah lists other parts of a Meis that are Metamei be'Ohel, beginning with k'Zayis Natzal and M'lo Tarvad Rekev. What is ...
1. ... k'Zayis Natzal?
2. ... M'lo Tarvad Rekev?
(b)The Tana continues with ha'Shedrah (the spinal cord) ve'ha'Gulgoles (the skull) and Rova Atzamos me'Rov ha'Binyan O me'Rov ha'Minyan. Seeing as the first two are merely limbs, why does the Tana insert them separately?
(c)What exactly is Rova Atzamos me'Rov ha'Binyan O me'Rov ha'Minyan?
1)
(a)Besides a Meis, Eiver min ha'Meis, k'Zayis (Basar) min ha'Meis and Eiver min (ha'Chai u'min) ha'Meis which includes a k'Zayis Basar (all of which we already learned above), the Mishnah lists other parts of a Meis that are Metamei be'Ohel, beginning with ...
1. ... k'Zayis Natzal - a k'Zayis of Basar min ha'Meis that has melted into a gooey mass and ...
2. ... M'lo Tarvad Rekev - a large doctor's spoon that holds two hands-full.
(b)The Tana continues with ha'Shedrah (the spinal cord) ve'ha'Gulgoles (the skull) and Rova Atzamos me'Rov ha'Binyan O me'Rov ha'Minyan. Even though the first two are merely limbs, the Tana inserts them separately - because they are Metamei even though they do not contain a k'Zayis Basar (since the shape of a human form is recognizable in them).
(c)Rova Atzamos me'Rov ha'Binyan O me'Rov ha'Minyan is - a quarter of a Kav (1 Kav = 4 Lugin = 24 Beitzim) made up of less than the majority of the Binyan or Minyan of a corpse (which we will now explain).
2)
(a)What constitutes ...
1. ... Rov Binyan?
2. ... Rov Minyan?
(b)How many limbs does that comprise?
(c)What if they make up Rov Binyan or Rov Minyan, but do not constitute Rova ha'Kav?
2)
(a)Rov
1. ... Binyan constitutes - the majority of the corpse (even though it is the minority of the limbs), such as the two calves, the two thighs plus the spinal column together with the vertebrae (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and Rov ...
2. ... Minyan - the majority of limbs (such as a pile that includes the fingers and toes) even though it does not make up the majority of the corpse ...
(b)... comprising one hundred and twenty-five limbs (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)Rov Binyan or Rov Minyan - is Metamei be'Ohel, even if the limbs do not constitute Rova ha'Kav (see also Tos. Yom-Tov DH 've'Rova ha'Kav').
Mishnah 2
3)
(a)What is Dam Tevusah? What is its status regarding Tum'ah?
(b)What do we learn from the Pasuk in Chukas "ha'Nogei'a be'Meis be'Nefesh"?
(c)According to the Tana Kama, only a Revi'is of blood from one Meis is Metamei, but not from two Meisim. What does R. Akiva say?
(d)How do they both derive their respective opinions from the same word "Nafshos" (in the Pasuk "ve'Al Kol Nafshos Meis Lo Yavo")?
3)
(a)Dam Tevusah - blood that emerges from a Meis prior to the person's death, is Metamei mi'de'Rabbanan (assuming there is a Revi'is).
(b)We learn from the Pasuk in Chukas "ha'Nogei'a be'Meis be'Nefesh" that - a Revi'is of blood that emerges from a Meis is Metamei mi'd'Oraysa (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)According to the Tana Kama, only a Revi'is of blood from one Meis is Metamei, but not from two Meisim. R. Akiva maintains - even from two Meisim.
(d)They both derive their respective opinions from the same word "Nafshos" (in the Pasuk "ve'Al Kol Nafshos Meis Lo Yavo") - which is written without a 'Vav'. R. Akiva holds Yesh Eim le'Mikra (we go after the way the word is read), whereas the Tana Kama holds Yesh Eim le'Masores (we go after the way it is written).
4)
(a)According to R. Akiva, if all the blood is drained from a Katan she'Meis, it is Metamei, even if it amounts to less than a Revi'is. How does he learn this from the bones of a Meis?
(b)On what basis do the Chachamim (who require a Revi'is) dispute his proof?
(c)What do the Chachamim learn from the Pasuk in Iyov "Af ki Enosh Rimah"?
(d)What does R. Eliezer say, in spite of the Pasuk in Iyov?
4)
(a)According to R. Akiva, if all the blood is drained from a Katan she'Meis, it is Metamei, even if it amounts to less than a Revi'is', and he learns this from the bones of a Meis - which are Metamei be'Rov Binyan O Rov Minyan, even if they amount to less than Rova ha'Kav.
(b)The Chachamim (who require a Revi'is) dispute his proof - on the grounds that with bones, one knows that there are as many bones as one sees, whereas in the case of the blood, one canot know that a drop of blood did not remain in the body of the Meis.
(c)The Chachamim learn from the Pasuk in Iyov "Af ki Enosh Rimah" - that worms that emerge from a Meis are considered part of the Meis even though they are alive.
(d)In spite of the Pasuk in Iyov, R. Eliezer holds that - they are not considered part of the Meis.
5)
(a)What volume of ashes of a burned Meis does R. Eliezer require for it to be Metamei?
(b)On what condition will it not be Metamei, even according to him?
(c)What do the Chachamim say?
5)
(a)For ashes of a burned Meis to be Metamei, R. Eliezer requires - a quarter of a Kav ...
(b)... provided - it is from the Meis exclusively, and not from the ashes of the wood.
(c)The Chachamim maintain that - the burned ashes of a Meis are not subject to Tum'ah at all.
6)
(a)A M'lo Tarvad ve'Od (a large spoonful plus) of Afar Kevaros is Metamei, according to the Tana Kama. What does Afar Kevaros incorporate?
(b)What is the reason for the plus?
(c)What does R'Shimon say?
(d)What are the ramifications of the ruling that, even according to the Tana Kama, if one mixed a M'lo Tarvad plus of Afar he'Meis with water, it is not considered joined?
6)
(a)A M'lo Tarvad ve'Od (a large spoonful plus) of Afar Kevaros - incorporating blood and moist from the Meis, is Metamei, according to the Tana Kama.
(b)The reason for the plus is - because the Tana is speaking about a Meis that was buried naked, and it is impossible for there not to be a M'lo Tarvad Rekev of the Meis (which we discussed above) there (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)R. Shimon - declares it Tahor.
Mishnah 3
7)
(a)In what regard does the Mishnah lists a bone the size of a barley grain, Eretz ha'Amim and Beis ha'Peras. What do they all have in common?
(b)How does the Tana learn this Din (with regard to the bone) from the Pesukim "ve'Al ha'Nogei'a Ba'Etzem O be'Chalal ... " on the one hand and "Adam ki Yamus ba'Ohel" and "be'Etzem Adam" on the other?
(c)What does the Tana mean by ...
1. ... Eretz ha'Amim?
2. ... Beis ha'Peras?
(d)Why is it called Beis ha'Peras (What does P'ras mean)?
7)
(a)The Mishnah lists a bone the size of a barley grain, Eretz ha'Amim and Beis ha'P'ras - in that they are all subject to Tum'as Maga and Masa, but not to Tum'as Ohel.
(b)The Tana learns this Din (with regard to the bone) from the fact that - in the Pasuk "ve'Al ha'Nogei'a ba'Etzem O be'Chalal ... " (which speaks about Maga and Masa) it does not mention 'Adam'), whereas it does in the Pesukim "Adam ki Yamus ba'Ohel" and "be'Etzem Adam", implying that they must be recognizable as human bones (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)By ...
1. ... Eretz ha'Amim - the Tana means a piece of earth from Chutz la'Aretz that has been brought into Eretz Yisrael.
2. ... Beis ha'Peras - the Tana means a field in which a grave has been dug up and its bones strewn around the field (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(d)It is called Beis ha'Peras - because P'ras means broken, and we are talking about broken pieces of bone (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).
8)
(a)What is the basic difference between a human bone the size of a barley-grain on the one hand, and Eretz ha'Amim and Beis ha'Peras, on the other?
(b)What if someone goes from Eretz Yisrael to Eretz ha'Amim riding a horse, without actually touching the ground?
8)
(a)The basic difference between a human bone the size of a barley-grain on the one hand, and Eretz ha'Amim and Beis ha'Peras, on the other is that - whereas the Tum'ah of the former is d'Oraysa, the Tum'ah of the latter is de'Rabbanan (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 've'Eretz ha'Akum').
(b)If someone goes from Eretz Yisrael to Eretz ha'Amim riding a horse, without actually touching the ground - he is nevertheless Tamei, since the Chachamim declared Tum'ah on the air of Eretz ha'Amim as well.
9)
(a)The Mishnah adds four more items to the current list. Two of them are Eiver min ha'Meis and Eiver min ha'Chai, which are not Metamei be'Ohel. On what condition are they not Metamei be'Ohel?
(b)What are the last two items on the list?
(c)According to Beis Shamai, an incomplete spinal cord is one that is missing two vertebrae, whereas an incomplete skull is one that has a hole that is large enough to have been made by an awl. What Shi'ur does Beis Hillel give with regard to ...
1. ... an incomplete spinal cord?
2. ... an incomplete skull?
9)
(a)The Mishnah adds four more items to the current list. Two of them are Eiver min ha'Meis and Eiver min ha'Chai, which are not Metamei be'Ohel - provided they do not contain a k'Zayis Basar. (see Perek 1, Mishnah 8, Bartenura DH 'Basar ka'Ra'uy').
(b)The last two items on the list are - Shedrah ve'Gulgoles that are incomplete (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)According to Beis Shamai, an incomplete spinal cord is one that is missing two vertebrae, whereas an incomplete skull is one that has a hole that is large enough to have been made by an awl. Beis Hillel gives the Shi'ur of ...
1. ... an incomplete spinal cord - as even one vertebra missing.
2. ... an incomplete skull as - one that would cause a live person to die if it was missing (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
10)
(a)According to R. Meir, the awl (referred to by Beis Shamai) refers to a small doctor's awl. What do the Chachamim say?
(b)What is the actual size of the latter?
10)
(a)According to R. Meir, the awl (referred to by Beis Shamai [see Tos. Yom-Tov]) refers to a small doctor's awl. The Chachamim give ythe Shi'ur as - the large awl of the Lishkah (that was used in the Azarah).
(b)The actual size of the latter is - that of a Pundiyon (coin). See Tos. Yom-Tov.
Mishnah 4
11)
(a)In what connection does the Mishnah list Golel and a Dofek? In what way do they differ from the items in the previous list?
(b)If Golel is the horizontal tomb-stone, what is Dofek?
(c)What does the Pasuk "ve'Chol asher Yiga al-P'nei ha'Sadeh" come to include?
(d)What do we then learn from the Pasuk ...
1. ... "ve'al ha'Nogei'a ... O ba'Meis O va'Kaver"?
2. ... "ve'Chol asher Yiga"?
11)
(a)The Mishnah lists Golel and Dofek - in that they are subject to Maga and Ohel, but not to Masa.
(b)Golel is the horizontal tomb-stone, and Dofek - the two vertical headstones on which the Golel leans (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)The Pasuk "ve'Chol asher Yiga al-P'nei ha'Sadeh" comes to include - the grave (the Golel and the Dofek) in the Din of Tum'ah (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(d)We then learn from the Pasuk ...
1. ... "ve'al ha'Nogei'a ... O ba'Meis O va'Kaver" - that, like the Meis itself, it is Metamei be'Maga and be'Ohel, whereas ...
2. ... "ve'Chol asher Yiga" teaches us that - it is not subject to Tum'as Masa (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
12)
(a)R. Eliezer disagrees with the current ruling. What does he say?
(b)What compromise does R. Yehoshua make?
(c)Like whom is the Halachah?
(d)Although we learned earlier that Dofek is Tamei be'Maga and be'Ohel, Dofek Dofkin says the Tana, is Tahor. What is Dofek Dofkin?
12)
(a)R. Eliezer disagrees with the current ruling. In his opinion - the Kever is subject to Tum'as Masa as well (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(b)R. Yehoshua considers them subject to Tum'as Masa - if there is Afar Kevaros underneath them, because one is then Tamei through moving it (Tum'as Heset).
(c)The Halachah is - like R. Yehoshua.
(d)Although we learned earlier that Dofek is Tamei be'Maga and be'Ohel, the Tana declares Tahor Dofek Dofkin - a stone that one adds to help support the Dofek.
Mishnah 5
13)
(a)What does the Mishnah now say about k'Zayis min ha'Meis, k'Zayis Netzel, M'lo Tarvad Rakav and Revi'is Dam? What do they all have in common?
(b)Even though the Shi'urim are Halachah le'Moshe mi'Sinai (see Tos. Yom-Tov), what is the logic behind the Shi'ur of k'Zayis min ha'Meis and Revi'is Dam?
(c)The Tana includes in this list Revi'is Dam and Eiver min ha'Chai she'Chasar Atzmo. What does Eiver min ha'Chai she'Chasar Atzmo mean?
13)
(a)The Mishnah now rules that k'Zayis min ha'Meis, k'Zayis Netzel, M'lo Tarvad Rakav and Revi'is Dam - are all Tahor if even a Mashehu is missing from the Shi'ur.
(b)Even though the Shi'urim are Halachah le'Moshe mi'Sinai (see Tos. Yom-Tov), the logic behind the Shi'ur of k'Zayis min ha'Meis and Revi'is Dam is - because that is the Shi'ur of Basar and of Dam that initially form a fetus.
(c)The Tana includes in this list Revi'is Dam and Eiver min ha'Chai she'Chasar Atzmo - if a Mashehu of the bone itself (even from the large thigh-bone) is missing.
14)
(a)How much Basar must be missing for Eiver min ha'Chai to be Tahor?
(b)With regard to a complete Eiver min ha'Meis, how much ...
1. ... Basar needs to separate from it in order to be Tamei?
2. ... Etzem needs to separate from it in order to be Tamei?
14)
(a)The amount of Basar that must be missing for Eiver min ha'Chai to be Tahor is - enough to prevent it from re-growing.
(b)With regard to a complete Eiver min ha'Meis, the amount of ...
1. ... Basar that needs to separate from it in order to be Tamei is - a k'Zayis.
2. ... Etzem that needs to separate from it in order to be Tamei is - the size of a barley-grain.
Mishnah 6
15)
(a)What does R. Akiva rule with regard to a complete ...
1. ... Shedrah or Gulgoles, a Revi'is Dam, a Rova of bones or a complete Eiver min ha'Meis that is formed from two corpses?
2. ... Eiver min ha'Chai made up from two people?
(b)What do the Chachamim say?
(c)What exactly, does Metaharin mean?
15)
(a)R. Akiva rules - that a complete ...
1. ... Shedrah or Gulgoles, a Revi'is Dam, a Rova of bones or a complete Eiver min ha'Meis formed from two corpses - is subject to Tum'ah (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and so is ...
2. ... Eiver min ha'Chai made up from two people.
(b)The Chachamim rule that - it is Tahor (Metaharin) ...
(c)... from Tum'as Ohel, but not from Maga and Masa, since it certainly comprises a bone the size of a barley-grain (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
Mishnah 7
16)
(a)What does R. Akiva rule regarding a bone the size of a barley that has split into two?
(b)What does R. Yochanan ben Nuri say? How does he learn it from 'Etzem ki'Se'orah'?
16)
(a)R. Akiva - declares Tamei a bone the size of a barley that has split into two (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Etzem' & 'R. Akiva Metamei').
(b)R. Yochanan ben Nuri - extrapolates from the Lashon 'Etzem (singular) ki'Se'orah' that it is Tahor.
17)
(a)R. Shimon declares Tahor a Rova Atzamos that have been crushed to the point that each individual bone is not the size of a barley-grain. Which area of Tum'ah is he referring to?
(b)What do the Chachamim say?
(c)Like whom is the Halachah?
17)
(a)R. Shimon declares a Rova Atzamos that have been crushed to the point that each individual bone is not the size of a barley-grain - Tahor from Maga, Masa and Ohel.
(b)According to the Chachamim - they are Tamei.
(c)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.
18)
(a)The Tana Kama declares Tahor Eiver min ha'Chai that has split into two. What will be the Din if they are subsequently expertly reconnected?
(b)What does R. Yossi say?
(c)In which case will R. Yossi concede that they are Tahor?
(d)Like whom is the Halachah?
18)
(a)The Tana Kama declares Tahor, Eiver min ha'Chai that has split into two - even if they are subsequently expertly reconnected (because Chibur al-Y'dei Adam Lo Havi Chibur).
(b)According to R. Yossi - they are Tamei (even if they have not been reconnected).
(c)R. Yossi will concede that they are Tahor - if they were severed separately.
