1)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses a Ziz, a Gizrah and a Givlis that protrude from a wall. Both Ziz and Gizrah are ledges that are jutting out from the front wall of a house above the front door, only the outside of the Ziz bends downwards, whereas the outside of the Gizrah bends upwards.

(b)Givlis on the other hand, is a ledge whose two end bend slightly downwards (so that they are no longer parallel to the ground, as the first two are).

(c)The distinction that the Tana draws between Ziz on the one hand, and Gizrah and Givlis on the other is that - the former (which combines with the underneath section of the lintel to transmit Tum'ah into the house) transmits Tum'ah with a Kol Shehu, the latter, only if there is a Pose'ach Tefach ...

(d)... because we consider the outside of the Ziz as if it extends to the ground (see Tos. Yom-Tov),

2)

(a)If the Ziz is more than three Nidbachin (levels of bricks) high, says the Mishnah - it too requires a Pose'ach Tefach before it can transmit Tum'ah.

(b)The height of one Nidbach is - four Tefachim.

(c)The Mishnah now gives the minimum Shi'ur width for Ataros and Pituchim to transmit Tum'ah. Ataros are ornamental stone archways built above the doorway; Pituchim - single bricks that are placed there for the same purpose.

(d)The Tana gives the Shi'ur as - one Tefach.

3)

(a)We reconcile this Mishnah, which requires a Tefach before a Ziz can transmit Tum'ah, with the previous Mishnah, which suffices with a Kol Shehu - by establishing it where the doorway has been stopped up (in which case, it can no longer combine with the underneath of the lintel [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)With regard to a Ziz on top of a window (irrespective of whether its official height is two finger-breadth high or a M'lo Makde'ach - the Tana requires a Shi'ur of no more than a Kol Shehu.

(c)The sort of window that requires an official height of ...

1. ... two finger-breadths is - the remains of a window that has been partially blocked.

2. ... M'lo Makde'ach is - one that has been made for light or air and that is still fully intact.

(d)R. Yossi rules that - the width of the window must be equivalent to its minimum height (either two finger-breadths or the size of a hole made by an awl (as we learned in the previous Perek).

4)

(a)R. Yehoshua rules that a cane that is suspended above the doorway (even if it is a hundred Amos high) - will transmit Tum'ah even if it is only a Kol Shehu.

(b)The Din of a cane is different than that of a Ziz (which requires a Pose'ach Tefach at that height) - because it is movable.

(c)According to R. Yochanan ben Nuri - there is no reason to be more stringent by a cane than by a Ziz (and it too, requires a Pose'ach Tefach).

5)

(a)The Mishnah discusses a ledge that surrounds all four sides of a house (but only part of the entrance) in which a Meis is lying. For the ledge to transmit Tum'ah to all the Keilim that are underneath it - it must cover three Tefachim (see Tos. Yom-Tov) of the entrance.

(b)The ledge is - one Tefach wide (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Tum'ah Tachtav').

6)

(a)R. Eliezer also declares Tamei, Keilim that are in the house, in the event that the Meis is lying underneath it. R. Yehoshua disagrees - due to the principle that the Tum'ah is destined to be taken out, not in (as we have already learned many times in this Maseches).

(b)R. Eliezer's reason is - because a ledge already has the one Chumra that, when it is within twelve Tefachim from the lintel, it transmits Tum'ah even though it is less than a Tefach wide.

(c)If the ledge covered a full Tefach of the entrance - R. Yehoshua will concede that the Keilim inside the house are Tamei.

(d)The Mishnah applies the equivalent rulings and the same Machlokes between R. Eliezer and R. Yehoshua to a courtyard - which is surrounded by an Achsadra (a sun-porch that is formed by a roof running round the three adjoining walls of the houses that form it PLUS three finger-breadths of the doorway).

7)

(a)The Tana now discusses two ledges one above the other that both measure a Pose'ach Tefach. When he says u'Beinehen Pose'ach Tefach, he means that - there is the distance of a Tefach both between the two ledges and between the lower ledge and the ground.

(b)He rules that, in a case where there is a k'Zayis of Meis ...

1. ... directly underneath the lower ledge (Tachteihen) - whatever is underneath it (exclusively) is Tamei.

2. ... between the two ledges (Beineihen) - whatever is between them (exclusively) is Tamei.

3. ... on top of the upper one (al Gabeihen) - whatever is above it (up to the sky [exclusively]) is Tamei.

(c)If the upper ledge projects two Tefachim from the wall, whilst the lower one projects only one - then if the Tum'ah is lying ...

1. ... on top of the upper ledge - the Din will be the same as in the previous case.

2. ... either beneath the lower ledge (including the area underneath the upper one) or in between the two ledges - then all Keilim that are lying either beneath the lower ledge or in between the two ledges is Tamei ...

(d)... because the extension of a Tefach transmits the Tum'ah to all the areas that are covered by the entire top ledge.

8)

(a)Should the upper ledge project less than a Tefach beyond the lower one the Din will remain unaltered (according to all opinion) - if the Tum'ah is lying underneath the lower ledge.

(b)According to R. Eliezer, in the case where the Tum'ah is lying either in between the two ledges or underneath the section of the upper ledge that projects beyond the lower one - any Keilim that are lying underneath them or in between them are Tamei (like we learned above in the previous case).

(c)Whereas according to R. Yehoshua - whatever is either between them or underneath the extension is Tamei, but what is underneath them remains Tahor (because he holds that less than a Tefach does not bring Tum'ah to another area [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(d)The Halachah is - like R. Yehoshua.

9)

(a)Next, the Mishnah refers to a case where both ledges measure a Pose'ach Tefach, but the distance in between them is less than a Tefach - meaning that there is less than a Tefach both underneath the lower ledge and above it (between the two ledges [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)There where the Tum'ah is ...

1. ... underneath the lower ledge, the Tana rules that - whatever is underneath them (exclusively) is Tamei.

2. ... in between them or ...

3. ... on top of the upper one - whatever is in between them or above the upper one is Tamei.

(c)Finally, he deals with a case where the ledges themselves measure less than a Pose'ach Tefach. Irrespective of whether the Tum'ah is underneath them, in between them or on top of them, and irrespective of whether there is ...

1. ... a Tefach or ...

2. ... less than a Tefach in between them - we will apply the principle Tum'ah Boka'as ve'Olah (right down to the center of the earth), Tum'ah Boka'as ve'Yoredes (right up to the sky).

(d)In all the parallel cases to the above, but where the ledges are replaced by (horizontal) curtains - the Tana issues parallel rulings.