1)

(a)The Tana has quoted three Pesukim to teach us that Terumah is permitted at nightfall: "Ad Asher Yit'har", "u'Ba ha'Shemesh v'Taher" and "ad Melos Yemei Taharah". In spite of having written ...

1. ... "Lo Yochal ad Asher Yit'har", it nevertheless needs to write "u'Ba ha'Shemesh v'Taher" - because otherwise, we would not have known exactly when he becomes Tahor to eat Terumah.

2. ... "u'Ba ha'Shemesh v'Taher", it nevertheless needs to write "ad Melos Yemei Taharah" - to teach us that even a bar Kaparah is permitted to eat Terumah as soon as night falls.

3. ... "ad Melos Yemei Taharah", it nevertheless needs to write "Ad Asher Yit'har" - to teach us that nightfall must be preceded by Tevilah.

(b)On the previous Amud, we quoted Tana d'Bei Rebbi Yishmael, who establishes the Pasuk "ad Asher Yit'har" by a Zav who had two sightings and a Metzora who is a Musgar. The Tana who disagrees with him establishes the Pasuk - by a Zav who had three sightings (and a Metzora Muchlat), and the Torah is coming to restrict Kodshim to after the Tamei has brought his Korbanos.

(c)Despite the fact that, according to him, we have the Pasuk (forbidding Kodshim to be eaten) until after the Kaparah ...

1. ..."v'Chiper Alehah, v'Taherah" (with regard to a Yoledes), we nevertheless need another Pasuk by Zav - because we would have otherwise restricted the Chumra to a Yoledes, because she has a particularly long spell of Tum'ah (regarding Terumah and Kodshim - forty days for a boy and eighty, for a girl).

2. ... "ad Asher Yit'har" (with regard to a Zav), we still need another Pasuk by Yoledes - because those same days of Tum'ah have the unique distinction of permitting her to her husband even though she sees blood, so we could not have learned the Chumra in question from Zav.

2)

(a)Rebbi Zeira explains the need for the Pasuk in Shemini (with regard to Terumah) ...

1. ... "ba'Mayim Yuva v'Tamei ad ha'Erev" - to teach us that, not only is one forbidden to eat Terumah when one is Tamei, but that a vessel (which is only a Sheni l'Tum'ah) that touches it, renders it Tamei (a Shelishi - as does a Tevul Yom, who is a Sheni), and that this too, is forbidden.

2. ... v'Taher - that a Sheni does not render Ma'aser a Shelishi.

(b)We know to establish the former Pasuk by Terumah, and the latter by Ma'aser and not vice-versa - because we take our cue from eating, where we have already seen that Terumah is more stringent than Ma'aser.

3)

(a)The Tana of the Beraisa learns the Isur of touching Terumah b'Tum'ah from another source. He learns from "b'Chol Kodesh Lo Siga, v'El ha'Mikdash Los Savo" that - just as one is Chayav Kares for Bi'as Mikdash (mentioned in the second phrase), so too, does the first phrase speak in a case when one is Chayav Kares (i.e. for eating Terumah, where Kares is mentioned), and not by just touching Terumah, where it is not.

(b)We learn from ...

1. ... "b'Chol Kodesh Lo Siga, v'el ha'Mikdash Lo Savo" - that Kodesh, just like Mikdash, must be speaking in a case where one is Chayav Misah (i.e. for eating it b'Tum'ah, by which the Torah writes in Emor "u'Meisu Bo Ki Yechalaluhu), andf not just by touching (by which it does not).

2. ... the fact that the Pasuk uses the Lashon "Lo Siga" - that whatever is forbidden to eat b'Tum'ah, is also forbidden to render Tamei by touching it.

4)

(a)Rebbi Elazar (ben Pedas) establishes our Mishnah, which permits the wife of a Kohen who became a Petzu'a Daka, to eat Terumah, as long as there has been no Bi'ah, like Rebbi Elazar and Rebbi Shimon, who permit a woman who is betrothed to someone whose Bi'ah is Pasul. According to Rebbi Yochanan, even Rebbi Meir who normally forbids it, will agree that here, she may continue to eat - on the grounds that, since she had already been eating when her husband became a Petzu'a Daka, she may continue to do so.

(b)Rebbi Elazar refutes Rebbi Yochanan's proof - because, if that was the case, every bas Yisrael who married a Kohen should be permitted to continue to eat after her husband's death.

(c)Rebbi Yochanan refutes Rebbi Elazar's refutation - on the grounds that a bas Yisrael who married a Kohen is different than a woman who is married to a Kohen who became a Petzu'a Daka, inasmuch as the Kinyan of the former dissipates with her husband's death.

5)

(a)Someone whose Beitzim are holed or shriveled is considered a Petzu'a Daka.

(b)Rebbi Yishmael bno shel Rebbi Yochanan ben Berokah quoting the Chachamim in Kerem b'Yavneh says - that a man who has only one Beitzah is a Seris Chamah (a natural eunuch) and is therefore Kasher.

(c)We query his statement however (' ... Eino Ela Seris Chamah, v'Kasher') - in that how Rebbi Yochanan ben Berokah can possibly call such a person a Seris Chamah, when it is simply not true?

(d)We therefore emend it to read - (not that he is a Seris Chamah, but) that he is like a Seris Chamah.

6)

(a)When Shmuel heard about a certain man who had children, even though his Beitzim had been pierced by a thorn - he sent to Rav that he should go and check who the children's father really was.

(b)Rava proved from the fact that the Torah speaks about "Petzu'a Daka" and not "ha'Petzu'a Daka" - Rav Yehudah Amar Shmuel's statement that a natural Petzu'a Daka (through thunder, hail or from birth) is Kasher (because 'ha'Petzu'a Daka' would imply that he was born like that).

(c)The Tana of the Beraisa learns the same thing from a 'Gezeirah-Shavah' from "Yavo" "Yavo" - from the Pasuk "Lo Yavo Mamzer bi'Kehal Hash-m", whose existence is the result of an action by human-beings, and not natural, at the Hand of Hash-m.

(d)The Pesulim of cut, severed and crushed, apply to three cases, the Milah and the Beitzim are two of them - the third, is the sinews to which the Beitzim are attached.

7)

(a)From the fact that the Torah does not mention (how many) generations (are forbidden) in the case of Petzu'a Daka - Rava tries to prove this must be - because he cannot have children (which in turn proves that it is his Milah which is crushed and not part of his head).

(b)The Torah's real reason for not doing so is in fact - because unlike the other Pesulei Kahal - only he is prohibited, but not his children.

(c)And we learn that Petzu'a Daka refers to the Milah and not to the head - because it is juxtaposed next to Kerus Shafchah, which certainly refers to the Milah (as we shall now see).

(d)We know that Kerus Shafchah refers to the Milah ...

1. ... not to the lips - because one ejects the spit from the mouth, it does not flow (as "Shafchah" implies) ...

2. ... and not to the nose - because it too, does not flow, but drips.

8)

(a)The Tana of the Beraisa learns that Kerus Shafchah refers to the Milah - from the same 'Gezeirah-Shavah' as he learned earlier - from "Yavo" "Yavo" - from Mamzer (which is certainly caused by the Milah).

9)

(a)When Rebbi Chiya bar Aba wanted to validate someone whose Milah was holed diagonally, so that one end of the hole was above the crown and the other end, below it, Rebbi Asi told him - that Rebbi Yehoshua ben Levi invalidated any case where the hole traversed the entire Atarah (such as this one).

(b)When Ravina asked Rabah Tosfa'ah if 'as thin as a thread' (with regard to the flesh of the Atarah, that the Tana permits in our Mishnah) - refers to all the way across or whether most of the way will suffice - he replied that most of the way was sufficient (see ha'Gahos ha'Gra).

(c)And when he added 'towards the top', he meant - that it must be the majority of the Atarah that has been cut off, with the strip of flesh at the top, together with the main part of the Milah to which it is connected that remains intact. But if it is the top section of the Atarah that has been cut away, and the strip of flesh that remains is the lower part (that is connected to the flesh at the tip of the Milah - with no part of the Atarah adjoining the main section of the Milah), he is not Kasher.

10)

(a)Rav Huna validates someone whose Milah is cut like a pen - meaning that the sides are cut in the shape of the letter 'vee', but invalidates him if it is cut like a pipe - meaning that the inside has been hollowed out. The reason is - because whereas in the latter case, the air gets in and cools down the Zera, preventing it from shooting out, in the former case, this will not happen.

(b)Rav Chisda says that if it is cut k'Kulmus (like a pen) it is Pasul - because then the Milah does not touch the sides of the womb, whereas k'Marzev (like a pipe) it is Kasher - because it does.

(c)Rava agrees with Rav Huna. He refutes Rav Chisda's argument, using as an example, the tap of a barrel, according to the text 'ke'Marzev G'rid, k'Kulmus Eino G'rid' - by pointing out that, like the tap of a barrel, even if the narrow part of the tap (which used to be thick at one end and thin at the other) does not touch the sides of the barrel as it is pushed through the hole into which it has been placed, the wide end does.

11)

(a)Ravina quoting Mar Zutra Amar Rav Papa validated both k'Kulmus and k'Marzev. His query to Mereimar, whether Mar Zutra was speaking below the Atarah or above, is strange - inasmuch as we have already learned that even if the top section of the Milah is severed completely, he is still Kasher. Consequently, it is obvious that Mar Zutra was speaking to above the Atarah.

(b)He only asked the She'eilah - in order to pick Mereimar's brains.

(c)When a case of Marzev occurred in Masa Machsaya - Mar bar Rav Ashi cut the outer walls of the Milah until it was shaped like a Kulmus, which he then declared Kasher (like Rav Huna).

(d)When Rav Bibi bar Abaye wanted to validate a man whose Zera- duct was stopped up so that the Zera was being emitted through the urine-duct - Av Papi declared him invalid, on the grounds that Zera not in its place will not germinate.

(e)And he asked Rav Bibi whether it was because he came from an unfortunate (see Tosfos) lineage (Eli ha'Kohen, who were all destined to die young) that he made 'unfortunate' statements.