1)

(a)That Shechiv-Mera wrote his wife a Get - to prevent her from falling to his brother for Yibum.

(b)His wife found him sighing and moaning - because he had not added the stipulation that the Get would be invalid should he survive.

(c)She then commented - that he need not worry, because, in the event that he survived, she would remain his wife.

2)

(a)Rav Zvid ruled that, seeing as it was her husband who ought to have made the stipulation and not her, what she said was merely to placate him and had no Halachic ramifications.

(b)This implies that, had she meant it seriously, the Get would have been negated. Rav Acha mi'Difti's problem with this is - that unlike money-matters, where a person can obligate himself with his words, a Get and its conditions are entirely the realm of the husband, and not the wife.

(c)To which Ravina replied, that had she meant it seriously, we would have assumed that her husband himself only gave her the Get subject to her acceptance (presumably, because he only gave it to her in the first place to exempt her from Yibum).

3)

(a)We learned in our Mishnah that if Reuven lends Shimon money against his field, and stipulates that, should he fail to pay within three years, the field will become his, his condition is valid - which is precisely what Bitus ben Zonin used to do under the auspices of the Chachamim.

(b)Rav Huna draws a distinction between whether Reuven made the stipulation at the time that he lends him the money, when his condition stands - or whether he made it afterwards, in which case he will only acquire as much as the loan is worth.

(c)According to Rav Nachman - either way, the condition stands.

4)

(a)When, in the house of the Reish Galusa, Rav Nachman followed his own ruling and granted the creditor the field based on a stipulation that he made after the loan - Rav Yehudah tore up the Shtar.

(b)When the Reish Galusa informed him what Rav Yehudah had done, according to ...

1. ... the first Lashon Rav Nachman reacted - by commenting that Rav Yehudah was not a child, but a great man, who must have had a good reason for tearing up the Shtar.

2. ... the second Lashon, he commented that a child had torn up the Shtar, because when it came to money-matters, compared to him everyone was a child.

5)

(a)Later, Rav Nachman retracted, and ruled that even if the purchaser had made the stipulation at the time of the loan, he would not have acquired the field - because the condition entailed receiving a field worth far more than the loan, and we have a principle 'Asmachta Lo Kanya' (an exaggerated stipulation does not acquire).

(b)When Rava queried him from our Mishnah, which holds 'Asmachta Kanya', he answered that he too, agreed with that, but that he had been quoting Minyomi, who reconciled his own opinion with our Mishnah by establishing it - like Rebbi Yosi ...

(c)... who rules that if Reuven pays half his debt to Shimon and they then place the Shtar with a third party on the condition that if he does not pay the balance by a certain date, he should return the Shtar to the creditor, his condition is valid.

(d)Alternatively, Minyomi might establish the Mishnah even like the Rabanan - by establishing the case where he said that he would acquire the field retroactively, removing it from the realm of Asmachta.

(e)According to Rebbi Yehudah (who holds 'Tzad Echad be'Ribis, Mutar'), the purchaser is permitted to eat the fruit; according to the Rabanan - it is placed with a third party until the sale or its invalidation is clarified.

6)

(a)Rav Chisda's two sons were called - Mar Yenuka and Mar Keshisha.

(b)When they said 'Hai Asmachta bi'Zemaneih Kani, be'Lo Z'mano, Lo Kani', Rav Ashi - thinking that they meant that 'Asmachta is really Koneh, but only after the final date of payment elapses and the debtor has not paid, queried the Chidush, seeing as everything acquires in its time but not before.

(c)So he reinterpreted their distinction to pertain (not to when the 'Asmachta' takes place, but) - to when the debtor made his statement. If he made his statement after the final date of payment, it is an 'Asmachta', which is not Koneh, whereas if he made it beforehand, it is not an 'Asmachta'.

(d)The reason for this is - because when he is Mochel the Mashkon after the final date, he only does so in order to get the creditor off his back (but does not really mean what he says); whereas if he does so beforehand, when the creditor cannot claim anyway, he must have really meant what he said.

(e)Rav Ashi himself however, maintains - that it will be considered Asmachta even if he is Mochel the Mashkon before the time of payment (despite the fact that the creditor cannot claim from him yet) - because he anticipates now the creditor's claim after the time has elapsed, and is Mochel in order to forestall it (not because he really wants to be Mochel).

7)

(a)In a case where the creditor asks the debtor for his money on the final day and the debtor tells the creditor to keep the Mashkon, Rav Papa draws a distinction between whether he finds him drinking beer - an indication that he is not serious about obtaining the money and is therefore genuinely Mochel the Mashkon, or whether he is trying to obtain the money to pay him - in which case, his Mechilah is nothing more than an Asmachta, which is not Koneh.

(b)Rav Acha mi'Difti disagrees with Rav Papa for one of two reasons; either because he may be drinking to drown his sorrows, as the Pasuk writes in Borchi Nafshi "ve'Yayin Yesamach Levav Ensosh" ...

(c).. or - because of the possibility that someone promised to lend him the money to pay off his debt (so the fact that he is drinking does not prove anything).

(d)According to Ravina, if the debtor is particular to sell his property at the correct price (and not cheaper), then he must be serious about the creditor keeping the Mashkon. Rav Acha mi'Difti disagrees with Ravina, too however, on the grounds that - he may be particular about the price of his property in order to prevent it from becoming devalued.

8)

(a)Rav Papa concludes - that if the debtor is particular not to sell any of his property even at market price, then he is clearly not serious about obtaining the money to pay off his debt and really means to forego the Mashkon (see also Hagahos ha'Gra).

(b)Rav Papa also says that a Mashkon which the creditor does not acquire due to 'Asmachta' - becomes an Aputiki (enabling the creditor to claim exclusively from it).

(c)Rav Huna Brei d'Rav Nasan queries Rav Papa on the grounds that the debtor did not say 'K'ni le'Guvaina' (so how can we establish such a ruling against the wishes of the debtor). Mar Zutra Brei d'Rav Mari objects even to the implication of Rav Huna Brei d'Rav Nasan's Kashya - that if the debtor had said 'K'ni le'Guvaina', it would indeed become an Aputiki) ...

(d)... because, when all's said and done, it is an 'Asmachta', and ought not to be Koneh at all.

(e)So we finally explain that when Rav Papa connects the Din of Aputiki with our Mishnah - he means that if the debtor first declared the field an Aputiki, and then added that, in the event that he does not pay within three years, the entire field will belong to him, although the second statement is invalid, the first statement remains valid.

9)

(a)When Shimon, to whom Reuven had sold him a field with Acharayus, asked for an assurance that should claimants take the field, Reuven would compensate him from his Idei Idis, Reuven replied - that he needed the Idei Idis for himself, but that he was prepared to give him Idis.

(b)Eventually, claimants did take the field. However, before Shimon had a chance to claim Reuven's Idis - his Idei Idis got swamped, and his Idis became his Idei Idis.

(c)When Rav Papa thought to grant Shimon the right to claim Reuven's remaining Idis, Rav Acha mi'Difta objected to Ravina, on the grounds that - since Reuven had made it clear that he would not give Shimon Idei Idis, the latter was only permitted to receive what is currently Idis (and what was previously Beinonis), but not that field, since it had now become Idei Idis.

10)

(a)When Rav bar Sh'va stipulated that in the event that he failed to pay Rav Kahana his debt until a given date, he would be able to claim from his stock of wine - Rav Papa thought that 'Asmachta Lo Kanya' is confined to land, which people do not normally tend to sell, but wine, which they do, is no different than money, which (as long as the debtor does not grossly exaggerate his offer), is not subject to Asmachta (see Shitah Mekubetzes).

(b)Rav Huna Brei d'Rav Yehoshua however, objected, on the basis of a statement of Rabah, who said - 'Kol de'I Lo Kanah' (whenever the stipulator uses the word 'if', his qualifier is an 'Asmachta' and is not Koneh), incorporating things that one tends to sell.

(c)Based on the ruling 'Asmachta Lo Kanya', Rav Nachman rules that ...

1. ... the field in our Mishnah (which the creditor claimed after three years, even though the debtor had not stipulated that it would be his retroactively) - must be returned.

2. ... the fruit - must be returned too.

(d)We extrapolate from here regarding the Din of 'Mechilah be'Ta'us' (a Mechilah based on a Halachic misunderstanding) - is not considered Mechilah.

11)

(a)Rav Huna rules that if Reuven sells Shimon the fruit of a date-palm, he may retract from the sale as long as the fruit has not yet begun to ripen. Assuming that he holds 'Adam Makneh Davar she'Lo Ba le'Olam' (which explains why he cannot retract once the fruit has ripened), this is - because even those who hold 'Adam Makneh Davar she'Lo Ba le'Olam', agree that the Kinyan is only finalized from the time that it is 'Ba le'Olam' (i.e. from the time that it reaches the first stage of ripening).

(b)Rav Nachman rules - that he can retract even after the fruit has ripened, because he holds 'Ein Adam Makneh Davar she'Lo Ba le'Olam'.

(c)Rav Nachman concedes however, that the seller cannot reclaim any fruit that the purchaser actually picked and ate - because he holds 'Mechilah be'Ta'us Havya Mechilah'.

12)

(a)We reconcile Rav Huna Brei d'Rav Yehoshua, who holds 'Mechilah be'Ta'us Lo Havya Mechilah' with Rav Nachman - by restricting the latter's ruling to a case of a sale. It does not extend to loans, where not claiming the fruit, resembles Ribis.

(b)The basis of this distinction is - that by Ribis Ketzutzah the Chachamim rescinded the Mechilah, whereas by Avak Ribis they did not, and all Ribis that is based on a loan is considered Ribis Ketzutzah.