[42a - 39 lines; 42b - 31 lines]
1)[line 1]÷ìà äåä ìéäKALA HAVAH LEI- lit. it has a voice; i.e., it would have been well known [that she gave birth]
2)[line 2]àôåìé àôéìAPULEI APIL- she miscarried
PEREK #3 ELU TEREIFOS
3)[line 4]èøôåúTEREIFOS
(a)A Tereifah is an animal that has acquired or was born with a fatal defect that will result in its death within a year. (There are some who maintain that a Tereifah can live for more than a year, as mentioned on our Daf.) The signs of the Tereifos do not have logical reasons; rather, they are Halachos l'Moshe mi'Sinai (RASHI DH Naflah; see Insights).
(b)Tana d'Vei Rebbi Yishmael records eighteen types of Tereifos, as follows: (This list is found in YOSEF DA'AS to Chulin, pp. 436-437; the sources to the main discussions in the Gemara of each Siman Tereifah have been added.)
1.Nekuvim - holes in various organs; these holes are even of the minutest size, but must be Mefulashin, punctured through the organ or membrane. The organs included are:
i.the Veshet (esophagus; included is a condition in which the outer and inner membranes of the esophagus are switched at any place on this organ; Daf 43a-44a);
ii.the Kerum ha'Mo'ach (cranial membrane; Daf 45a-b);
iii.the Lev (heart; Daf 45b);
iv.the Rei'ah (lung; 46a-49a);
v.the Keivah (the fourth stomach of ruminants, or abomasum; Daf 49a);
vi.the Marah (gall bladder, according to Rebbi Yosi b'Rebbi Yehudah; the Chachamim argue, but our Mishnah follows his opinion; Daf 42b-43a);
vii.the Dakin (small intestines; a hole in the small intestines allow the waste material to leak out and contaminate the abdominal cavity; RAMBAM Hilchos Shechitah 6:13);
viii.the Keres ha'Penimis (the "inner" stomach; the Keres is the first stomach of ruminants. There is a Machlokes (Daf 50b) as to the identification of the inner and outer parts of the Keres. The most strict opinion (which is the ruling of the SHULCHAN ARUCH YD 48:2) is that the entire Keres is the Keres ha'Penimis and the surrounding flesh is what the Mishnah terms the Keres ha'Chitzonah);
ix.the Techol (spleen, according to Rav Avira; Chiya bar Rav argues. The puncture must occur in the thicker, dorsal part of the organ; Daf 42b, 55a-b);
x.the Beis ha'Kosos (the second stomach of ruminants, or reticulum. The puncture must occur in the outer surface of the organ, not the surface adjacent to the Hemses; Daf 50b-51a)
xi.the Hemses (the third stomach of ruminants, or omasum. The puncture must occur in the outer surface of the organ, not the surface adjacent to the Beis ha'Kosos; Daf 50b-51a)
2.Pesikos - splits in various organs. The organs included are:
i.the Gargeres or Kaneh (trachea; the split must be in the majority of the circumference of the trachea; Daf 44a-45a);
ii.the Chut ha'Shidra (the spinal chord; Daf 45b)
3.Nital ha'Kaved - the liver is completely removed (the gall bladder remains attached to various veins and ducts — TOSFOS DH Nikev; the Tana'im and Amora'im argue (Daf 46a) as to the status of the animal if less than a k'Zayis of the Kaved remains)
4.Rei'ah she'Chasrah - part of the lung is missing (included are various other Tereifos of the Rei'os, which have their basis in either Nikev or Chisaron; Daf 48b)
5.Nikra Rov ha'Keres ha'Chitzonah - most of the circumference of the outer Keres (see above, b:1:h) is torn
6.Behemah she'Naflah Min ha'Gag - an animal that falls off a roof (or any fall of at least ten Tefachim, even if there are no signs of injury) that was slaughtered immediately (Daf 51a)
7.Nishtabru Rov Tzela'ose'ha - most of its ribs are broken (the Gemara, Daf 52a, discusses which ribs are counted)
8.Derusas ha'Ze'ev, ha'Ari, etc. - the clawing of a wolf, lion, etc. (Daf 52b-54a; see Insights)
9.Nechtechu Ragleha Min ha'Arkuvah ul'Ma'alah - its hind legs were cut above the knees (according to the Tana'im who argue with Rebbi Shimon ben Elazar (Tosefta 3:3), since he rules that this is not a Tereifah; this Siman Tereifah also includes the removal of the "Tzomes ha'Gidin," the "meeting point of the sinews (or tendons)," tendons that attach the muscles of the middle of the leg to the bones of the lower leg; the exact location is discussed in the Gemara Daf 76a; see below, entry #32 for a short description of the hind legs of Kosher animals)
10.Chisaron Chuliyos ba'Shidrah - missing vertebrae of the spine (according to Beis Shamai, two vertebrae; according to Beis Hillel, one — Daf 42b, 52b)
11.Geludah - the hide is stripped off (according to the Tana'im who argue with Rebbi Meir, since he rules that this is not a Tereifah; the Gemara (Daf 55b) discusses how much of the hide must be left (and at what part of the animal's body) for the Chachamim to consider this not a Tereifah Daf 42b, 54a, 55b)
12.Charusah - the lung is withered and hardened as a result of noises (made by people) that terrified the animal (Daf 42b, 54a, 55b)
13.Buka d'Atma she'Ne'ekrah mi'Mekomah - the hip joint is dislocated (according to Rav Masna; some opinions rule that in addition, the ligaments that attached them must be torn; Daf 42b, 54b)
14.Laksah b'Achas mi'Chilyoseha - one (and certainly two) of the kidneys is diseased, where the infection has penetrated the Makom heCharitz, the renal sinus (according to Rachish bar Papa; Ula argues. A puncture in the kidney is not a Tereifah; Daf 42b, 55a-b)
15.Simanim she'Nidaldelu b'Ruban - the trachea and esophagus that were detached in several places from where they were previously attached, such that a majority of these "Simanim" are detached (RABEINU CHANANEL rules that the trachea and esophagus must be detached from each other; Daf 42b)
16.Ne'ekrah Tzela mi'Ikarah - one of the ribs was dislocated, along with half of the vertebra to which it was attached (some opinions rule that the a majority of the ribs (of one or two sides) must be dislocated; Daf 42b, 52a)
17.Gulgoles she'Nechbesah - the skull was dealt blows without disconnecting any of the bone or puncturing the cranial membrane (Daf 42b, 52b)
18.Nikra (O Nital) Rov ha'Basar ha'Chofeh Es ha'Keres - most of the flesh that surrounds the abdominal cavity is torn (or missing) (Daf 42b, 52b; see above, b:1:h)
4)[line 4]ð÷åáú äååùèNEKUVAS HA'VESHET- an animal with a hole (even of minute size) in its esophagus; see previous entry, b:1:a
5)[line 5]ôñå÷ú äâøâøúPESUKAS HA'GARGERES- an animal with its trachea split; see above, entry #3:b:2:a
6)[line 5]ðé÷á ÷øåí ùì îåçNIKEV KRUM SHEL MO'ACH- the cranial membrane was pierced; see above, entry #3:b:1:b
7)[line 6]ðé÷á äìá ìáéú çììåNIKEV HA'LEV L'VEIS CHALALO- the heart was punctured, through to the place of its chamber; see above, entry #3:b:1:c
8a)[line 6]ðùáøä äùãøäNISHBERAH HA'SHIDRAH- the spinal vertebrae were shattered
b)[line 7]ðôñ÷ äçåèNIFSAK HA'CHUT SHELAH- the spinal cord was severed; see above, entry #3:b:2:b
9a)[line 7]ðéèì äëáãNITAL HA'KAVED- the liver was removed
b)[line 7]ìà ðùúééø äéîðå ëìåíLO NISHTAYEIR HEIMENU KELUM- nothing was left of it; see above, entry #3:b:3
10a)[line 8]äøéàä ùðé÷áä àå ùçñøäHA'REI'AH SHE'NIKVAH O SHE'CHASERAH- the lung was pierced or part of it was missing; see above, entry #3:b:4
b)[line 9]òã ùúéð÷á ìáéú äñîôåðåúAD SHE'TINAKEV L'VEIS HA'SIMPONOS- [it is not a Tereifah] unless it is pierced through to the bronchial tubes
11)[line 9]ðé÷áä ä÷áäNIKVAH HA'KEIVAH- the abomasum, the fourth stomach of ruminants, was pierced; see above, entry #3:b:1:e
12)[line 10]ðé÷áä äîøäNIKVAH HA'MARAH- the gallbladder was pierced; see above, entry #3:b:1:f
13)[line 10]ðé÷áå äã÷éïNIKVU HA'DAKIN- the small intestines were pierced; see above, entry #3:b:1:g
14)[line 10]äëøñ äôðéîéú ùðé÷áäHA'KERES HA'PENIMIS SHE'NIKVAH- the "inner stomach" was pierced; see above, entry #3:b:1:h
15)[line 11]ð÷øò øåá äçéöåðäNIKRA ROV HA'CHITZONAH- the majority of the "outer stomach was torn; see above, entry #3:b:1:h
16)[line 13]äîññ åáéú äëåñåú ùðé÷áå ìçåõHEMSES U'VEIS HA'KOSOS SHE'NIKVU L'CHUTZ- the omasum (O.F. cenpeil - the third stomach of ruminants) and the reticulum (the second stomach of ruminants) were pierced on their outer sides; see above, entry #3:b:1:j, k
17)[line 14]ðôìä îï äââNAFLAH MIN HA'GAG- it fell from the roof (even if there are no signs of injury. If it was slaughtered immediately, it is a Tereifah, since the signs of the Tereifos do not have logical reasons; rather, they are Halachos l'Moshe mi'Sinai — RASHI; see above, entry #3:b:6 and see Insights)
18)[line 14]ðùúáøå øåá öìòåúéäNISHTABRU ROV TZAL'OSEHA- most of its ribs were broken; see above, entry #3:b:7
19)[line 14]ãøåñú äæàáDERUSAS HA'ZE'EV- an animal that was clawed by a wolf; see above, entry #3:b:8 and see Insights to Chulin 52:2
20a)[line 15]ã÷äDAKAH- small domesticated (farm) animals (such as sheep and goats)
b)[line 16]âñäGASAH- large, domesticated (farm) animals (such as cows)
21)[line 16]ãøåñú äðõDERUSAS HA'NETZ- (O.F. esparvier - sparrow hawk) an animal that was clawed by a hawk or another small bird of prey
22)[line 16]òåó äã÷OF HA'DAK- small Kosher birds (such as pigeons)
23)[line 17]âñGAS- (O.F. ostoir - goshawk) a goshawk or another large bird of prey
24)[line 17]òåó äâñOF HA'GAS- large Kosher birds (such as geese)
25)[line 17]ëì ùàéï ëîåä çéäKOL SHE'EIN KAMOHA CHAYAH- all [animals that have defects] such that [other animals] similar to it will not live
26)[line 20]"[åÀàÇðÀùÑÅé ÷ÉãÆùÑ úÌÄäÀéåÌï ìÄé,] åÌáÈùÒÈø áÌÇùÒÌÈãÆä èÀøÅôÈä ìÉà úÉàëÅìåÌ; [ìÇëÌÆìÆá úÌÇùÑÀìÄëåÌï àÉúåÉ]""[V'ANSHEI KODESH TIHEYUN LI,] U'VASAR BA'SADEH TEREIFAH LO SOCHEILU, [LA'KELEV TASHLICHUN OSO]"- "[And you shall be holy men for Me,] and you shall not eat any meat that is torn [by the beasts] in the field; [rather cast it to the dogs]" (Shemos 22:30).
27)[line 21]èøôä ùàéðä çéäTEREIFAH SHE'EINAH CHAYAH
A Tereifah is an animal that has acquired or was born with a fatal defect that will result in its death within a year ("Tereifah Einah Chayah"). There are some Tana'im and Amora'im who maintain that a Tereifah can live for more than a year ("Tereifah Chayah"). The signs of the Tereifos do not have logical reasons; rather, they are Halachos l'Moshe mi'Sinai (RASHI DH Naflah; see above, entry #3 and see Insights).
28)[line 24]"... æÉàú äÇçÇéÌÈä àÂùÑÆø úÌÉàëÀìåÌ...""... (V')ZOS HA'CHAYAH ASHER TOCHELU..."- "... (and) these are the animals which you may eat..." (Vayikra 11:2).
29)[line 36]"[ìÀäÇáÀãÌÄéì áÌÅéï äÇèÌÈîÅà åÌáÅéï äÇèÌÈäÉø] åÌáÅéï äÇçÇéÌÈä äÇðÌÆàÁëÆìÆú åÌáÅéï äÇçÇéÌÈä àÂùÑÆø ìÉà úÅàÈëÅì""... BEIN HA'CHAYAH HA'NE'ECHELES U'VEIN HA'CHAYAH ASHER LO SE'ACHEL"- "[To distinguish between the non-Kosher (lit. impure) and the Kosher (lit. pure)] and between the animal that is [fit to be] eaten and the animal that shall not be eaten" (Vayikra 11:47).
30)[last line]áñâøBASGAR- this is a mnemonic device that stands for a word from the four types of Tereifos brought by the Gemara from Mishnayos and Beraisa'os to question the count of eighteen Tereifos of Tana d'Vei Rebbi Yishmael, as follows (the Gemara will answer the question at the end of Amud Beis):
1.B (the letter á) refers to "Behemah she'Nechtechu Ragleha Min ha'Arkuvah ul'Ma'alah" (Daf 42b, line 3; see above, entry #3:b:9)
2.S (the letter ñ) refers to "Chisaron b'Shidrah" (Daf 42b, line 10; see above, entry #3:b:10)
3.G (the letter â) refers to "Geludah" (Daf 42b, line 15; see above, entry #3:b:11)
4.R (the letter ø) refers to "Charusah" (Daf 42b, line 16; see above, entry #3:b:12)
31)[last line]ùá ùîòúúàSHEV SHEMATASA- this is a mnemonic device that stands for seven more types of Tereifos brought by the Gemara from the teachings of Amora'im to question the count of eighteen Tereifos of Tana d'Vei Rebbi Yishmael, as follows (the Gemara will answer the question at the end of Amud Beis):
1."Buka d'Atma d'Shaf mi'Duchtei" (Daf 42b, line 18; see above, entry #3:b:13)
2."Laksah b'Chilya Achas" (Daf 42b, line 20; see above, entry #3:b:14)
3."Nikev [ha'Techol]" (Daf 42b, line 22; see above, entry #3:b:1:i)
4."Simanim she'Nidaldelu b'Ruban" (Daf 42b, line 24; see above, entry #3:b:15)
5."Ne'ekrah Tzela mi'Ikarah" (Daf 42b, line 26; see above, entry #3:b:16)
6."Gulgoles she'Nechbesah b'Rubah" (Daf 42b, line 26; see above, entry #3:b:17)
7."Basar ha'Chofeh Es Rov ha'Keres b'Rubo" (Daf 42b, line 27; see above, entry #3:b:18)
42b----------------------------------------42b
32)[line 3]áäîä ùðçúëå øâìéä îï äàøëåáä åìîòìäBEHEMAH SHE'NECHTECHU RAGLEHA MIN HA'ARKUVAH UL'MA'ALAH- an animal, the legs of which were cut above the knees (see above, entry #3:b:9). The hind leg of Kosher animals consists of three major limbs: the Yerech, thigh (which contains the Kulis, femur or thigh bone), the Shok, calf (which contains the tibia), and the Etzem ha'Tachton, the lower limb of the leg (which contains the metatarsal). The joint that separates the Yerech and the Shok is called the Arkuvah Elyonah, the knee (O.F. jenoil - the knee). The joint that separates the Shok and the Etzem ha'Tachton is called the Arkuvah ha'Tachtonah, the ankle joint.
33)[line 6]ìéëååúLIKAVOS- to be cauterized
34)[line 10]ëîä çñøåï áùãøäKAMAH CHISARON BA'SHIDRAH (TUM'AS MES: SHIDRAH V'GULGOLES)
(a)A k'Zayis of the flesh of a Mes (corpse) is an "Avi Avos ha'Tumah" and is Metamei through Maga (contact), Masa (carrying), and Ohel (being in the same room (lit. tent). An Ohel is defined as a covered space that is at least one Tefach in length, width and height. If a person becomes Tamei with Tum'as Mes, he must wait seven days to go to the Mikvah. Furthermore, on the third and seventh days he must have Mei Chatas (water mixed with ashes of the Parah Adumah — see Background to Chulin 29:15) sprinkled on him.
(b)In an Ohel ha'Mes, the house or room becomes Tamei even if the Mes is passing through it and does not stop moving. A person who enters an Ohel ha'Mes becomes Tamei even if only a bit of his body enters, even when entering backwards. A Mechitzah (partition) in an Ohel ha'Mes only prevents the spread of Tum'ah if it reaches the ceiling. (RASH to Kelim 1:4)
(c)The bones of a Mes are only Metamei through Ohel under one of three conditions:
1.They constitute a quarter of a Kav (Rova ha'Kav);
2.They are the majority of the human body (whether they are the majority of the build (Rov Binyano) of the body or the majority of the number (Rov Minyano) of 248 bones;
3.The bone is a complete skull or a complete spinal column. In order to be Metamei through Maga and Masa, it is enough for the bone to be the size of a Se'orah (a grain of barley). An incomplete spine or skull are therefore Metamei through Maga and Masa. Beis Shamai and Beis Hilel disagree as to the amount missing at which point they are no longer Metamei through Ohel. (For a further discussion of Tum'as Ohel, as to objects that prevent or spread Tum'ah, see Background to Chulin 36:11:d-e.)
35)[line 11]çåìéåúCHULYOS- vertebrae
36)[line 14]àôé÷ çãà åòééì çãàAPIK CHADA V'AYIL CHADA- take one out (either the Hemses or the Beis ha'Kosos, which are now being counted as one) and put one in (the Chisaron b'Shidrah)
37)[line 15]âìåãäGELUDAH- an animal, the hide of which is stripped off (see above, entry #3:b:11)
38)[line 16]çøåúàCHARUSA- an animal, the lung of which is withered and hardened as a result of noises (made by people) that terrified the animal (see above, entry #3:b:12)
39a)[line 18]áå÷à ãàèîàBUKA D'ATMA- the ball of the femur, the thigh bone at the point that it joins to the hip bone
b)[line 18]ãùó îãåëúéäD'SHAF MI'DUCHTEI- that was dislocated. The joint of the hip is a ball-and-socket joint; according to RASHI, the small round ligaments ("Nivei") that attach the bones inside the joint are torn (see above, entry #3:b:13)
40)[line 20]ì÷úä áëåìéà àçúLAKSAH B'CHULYAH ACHAS- one kidney is diseased (see above, entry #3:b:14)
41)[line 21]ðéèì äèçåìNITAL HA'TECHOL- the spleen is removed
42)[line 24]ñéîðéí ùðãìãìå áøåáïSIMANIM SHE'NIDALDELU B'RUBAN- the "Simanim," the trachea and esophagus, that were detached in several places from where they were previously attached, such that a majority of them are detached (see above, entry #3:b:15)
43)[line 26]ðò÷øä öìò îòé÷øäNE'EKRAH TZELA ME'IKARAH- a rib was dislocated (see above, entry #3:b:15)
44)[line 26]âåìâåìú ùðçáñä áøåáäGULGOLES SHE'NECHBESAH B'RUBAH- most of the skull was bruised (O.F. demaciede - bruised, crushed) (see above, entry #3:b:17)
45)[line 27]áùø äçåôä àú øåá äëøñ áøåáåBASAR HA'CHOFEH ES ROV HA'KERES B'RUBO- most of the flesh that surrounds the abdominal cavity is torn (or missing) (O.F. tenpene - part of the abdominal wall that covers the Keres, paunch, the first stomach of ruminants) (see above, entry #3:b:18)
46)[line 28]úîðéàTEMANYA- eight
47)[line 29]àôé÷ ùá åòééì ùáAPIK SHEV V'AYIL SHEV- take out seven (as a result of the eight Nekuvim, which are now being counted as one; the eight Nekuvim mentioned here are recorded above, entry #3:b:1, although the gallbladder and spleen are not counted, and the Beis ha'Kosos and the Hemses are counted as one) and put in seven (the Shev Shematasa; see above, entry #31)
48)[line 30]áöø ìäå çãàBATZAR LEHU CHADA- there is still one missing
49)[last line]ãøá òåéøàD'RAV AVIRA- that of Rav Avira, i.e. Nekuvas ha'Techol (see above, entry #3:b:1:i)