[23a - 41 lines; 23b - 36 lines]
1)[line 13]שבעים אמה ושירייםSHIV'IM AMAH V'SHIRAYIM- seventy Amos and 4 Tefachim
2)[line 16]שומירהSHOMEIRAH- a watchman's hut
3a)[line 17]בורBOR- a round well that is dug in the ground
b)[line 18]שיחSHI'ACH- elongated ditches of water
c)[line 18]מערהME'ARAH- covered caves of water
4)[line 28]לא עירבLO IREV (BITUL RESHUYOS)
(a)THE TORAH LAW - According to Torah law, in a courtyard (Chatzer) that has in it houses owned by different people, all of the neighbors may transfer objects from their houses to the courtyard and into other houses on Shabbos. Even though each house is a separately owned Reshus ha'Yachid and the Chatzer is a jointly owned Reshus ha'Yachid, it is permissible to move objects from one Reshus ha'Yachid to another.
(b)ERUV CHATZEIROS AND SHITUFEI MAVO'OS - King Shlomo decreed that transferring objects from one Reshus ha'Yachid to another is forbidden unless an Eruv Chatzeiros (lit. a "mixing of the courtyard" - Rambam Hilchos Eruvin 1:6; or a "fraternization of the courtyard" - Eruvin 49a) is created on Friday, before Shabbos begins (Shabbos 14b, Eruvin 21b). The equivalent of an Eruv Chatzeiros for an alley or a city is called a Shituf Mavo'os. This is accomplished by all of the neighbors collectively setting aside a loaf of bread, in one common container, in one of the houses of the courtyard (or, in the case of Shituf, in one of the courtyards of the alleyway). This shows that all neighbors have an equal share in all of the Reshuyos ha'Yachid, just as they all have a share in that bread. Through this act, they can be considered one Reshus again. (RAMBAM ibid. 1:4-9)
(c)BITUL RESHUYOS - In the event that the inhabitants of the courtyard did not set an Eruv Chatzeiros before Shabbos, carrying may still be permitted if Bitul Reshuyos is done. If none of the people in the Chatzer made an Eruv, all of the inhabitants of the courtyard may nullify their domains in favor of one of the inhabitants. All of the houses/courtyards in the area are considered the private domain of the person chosen. If some of those in the Chatzer made an Eruv together, those who did not may nullify their domains in favor of the collective domain of those who made an Eruv. Bitul Reshuyos may be done as long as the following conditions are met: (1) the nullification is done only in favor of a single person or collective party. If not, the area is not considered one private domain; (2) those who nullified their domains do not transfer objects from their houses to the courtyard or vice versa. Bitul Reshuyos only permits carrying in the courtyard (and, according to many Tana'im, from the courtyard to the house of the person/s chosen - Eruvin 26a). If one of the houseowners who nullified their domains transfers from his house to the courtyard or vice versa, it constitutes a repeal of the nullification. It becomes once again prohibited to carry in the courtyard.
(d)Bitul Reshuyos may be done as long as the following conditions are met: 1. The nullification is done in favor of a single person or a collective party that made an Eruv together; 2. Those who nullified their domains do not transfer objects from their houses to the courtyard or vice versa. Bitul Reshuyos only permits carrying in the courtyard and from the courtyard to the house of the person (or people) chosen. (If only one person was chosen, only he is permitted to carry from his house to the courtyard. If a number of people who made an Eruv together are chosen, then all residents of the courtyard may carry from the houses of those who were chosen to the courtyard - Eruvin 69b.) According to some Tana'im, the ones in whose favor the Bitul was done may carry from the house/s of the Mevatel to the courtyard as well (Eruvin 26b). If one of the homeowners who nullified his domain transfers from his house to the courtyard or vice versa, not only has he transgressed a prohibition, but he has repealed his nullification. It becomes once again prohibited to carry in the courtyard. (Eruvin 26a and RASHI ibid. DH Anshei Chatzer)
5)[line 30]ערקבליןARKAVLIN- palm-ivy (prickly creepers on palm-trees)
23b----------------------------------------23b
6)[line 1]היינו תנא קמאHAINU TANA KAMA- (a) That is the same as the Tana Kama of the first Mishnah in the Perek, 18a (RASHI); (b) Why did he repeat the statement "70 Amos and Shirayim" that Rebbi Yehudah ben Beseira made in the beginning of this Mishnah? (RABEINU CHANANEL)
7a)[line 7]טול חמשיםTOL CHAMISHIM- take the 50 (X 50) Amos by which the Chatzer is longer than its width
b)[line 8]סבב חמשיםSABEV CHAMISHIM- surround the other 50 (X 50) Amos (making a square of 70 Amos and 4.26 Tefachim by 70 Amos and 4.26 Tefachim)
8)[line 17]ריבועא דריבעוה רבנןRIBU'A D'RIV'UHA RABANAN- (a) the square which the Chachamim use as a standard for measuring an enclosed area in which carrying is permitted: Rebbi Yosi rules that the standard measurement is a square of 70 Amos and 4 Tefachim (but a rectangle of 50 Amos by 100 Amos is also valid); Rebbi Eliezer rules that the standard measurement is a rectangle of 50 Amos by 100 Amos (but a square of 70 Amos and 4 Tefachim is also valid) (RASHI); (b) [For an explanation of the opinions of the Rif and Tosfos, see Insights to Eruvin 23:1.]
9)[line 25]אריך וקטיןARICH V'KATIN- [the courtyard] is long and narrow
10)[line 32]אחד גגות ... רשות אחת הןECHAD GAGOS ... RESHUS ECHAD HEN
(a)King Shlomo decreed that transferring objects from a Reshus ha'Yachid owned by one person or group to a Reshus ha'Yachid owned by another person or group is forbidden, unless an Eruv Chatzeiros is created on Friday, before Shabbos begins (Shabbos 14b, Eruvin 21b).
(b)Besides houses, there are three categories of Reshus ha'Yachid: Gagos (privately owned roofs), Chatzeiros (jointly owned courtyards) and Karpifos (private fenced-in areas that are used for storage or corrals, but not lived in). Tana'im argue as to whether it is permitted to carry from one of these types of Reshus ha'Yachid to another, even if they have different owners. Rebbi Meir (Mishnah Eruvin 89a) rules that it is prohibited to transfer between these different types of Reshuyos. Rabanan (ibid., and Gemara 91a) prohibit transferring from a Karpaf to one of the other two, and Rebbi Shimon (ibid.) rules that it is permitted to transfer between these Reshuyos. (All of these opinions agree that it is prohibited to carry from houses to courtyards or Karpifos, or to roofs and houses owned by another person, since houses are used on a very regular basis and are therefore considered separate from all other Reshuyos ha'Yachid. - Rashi to Eruvin 91a DH v'Karpifos.)
(c)The above argument only applies to utensils that were in a roof, courtyard, or Karpaf when Shabbos begins. Utensils that were in a house when Shabbos begins and were taken out on Shabbos to a Chatzer through the use of an Eruv Chatzeiros may not be transferred to one of the other two Reshuyos, even according to Rebbi Shimon.
11)[line 33]קרפיפותKARPIFOS- enclosed areas that are located outside of a settlement, used for storage of timber and other such objects. The enclosures were not made for dwelling purposes.
12)[line 33]שבתו בתוכןSHAVSU B'SOCHAN- they "rested" in them, i.e., they were in them from the beginning of Shabbos