(Mishnah): If a person's verdict (for the death penalty) was made and he fled and then later returned, they do not retry him (rather they give him the death penalty).

Wherever two witnesses get up and say, "We testify about Ploni that his verdict was made in such and such Beis Din and the witnesses were Ploni and Ploni", we put Ploni to death.

The Sanhedrin (of 23 judges) sits both inside and outside the Land of Israel. A Sanhedrin that gives the death penalty once in seven years is called cruel.

(R. Elazar ben Azariah): (Even) once in 70 years (is called cruel).

(R. Tarfon/ R. Akiva): If we would have been in the Sanhedrin, we would never have killed someone.

(Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel): That would actually increase the spilling of blood in Yisrael (as there would be no deterrent for murder).

(Gemara): The Mishnah taught that the Sanhedrin (of 23 judges) sits both inside and outside the Land of Israel. This is learned from the pasuk (Bamidbar 35:29), "And these will be to you a law of justice for your generations in all of your dwelling places."

What do we learn from (Devarim 16:18) "You shall put for yourself judges and officers in all of your cities"? It refers to the cities of the Eretz Yisrael, as in those cities, they appoint judges in every city, and outside of Eretz Yisrael, they appoint them (only) in every district.

Beraisa (R. Dustai bei R. Yanai): It is a mitzvah for each tribe to judge its own tribe, as the pasuk states (Devarim 16:18), "You shall put for yourselves judges and officers in all of your cities that Hash-m, your God, is giving to you, for your tribes".

(Beraisa - Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel): If people who had been sentenced to death fled the Land of Israel, we put them to death immediately. But if they fled from outside of Israel into the Land of Israel, we do not put them to death immediately; we retry them.

(Mishnah): The following people, because they killed someone inadvertently, must go into exile (into a City of Refuge)...

If a person was pushing a roller (to plaster his roof) and it fell and killed someone; if a person was lowering a barrel and it fell and killed someone; if a person was descending a ladder and he fell and killed someone; (in all of these cases) he must go into exile.

But if a person was pulling a roller and it fell and killed someone; if a person was pulling up a barrel and it fell and killed someone; if a person was ascending a ladder and he fell and killed someone; (in all of these cases) he does not go into exile.

The general rule is that for anything that was done in a way of descent, he is exiled; in a way of ascent, he is not exiled.

(Gemara): R. Yehuda exempts him unless the entire rope fell, rather than it snapping in the middle (which is considered more accidental).

(R. Shimon): He is only liable if the entire Machaltzon fell from his hand and killed, but if the metal part became detached from the handle and fell, he would be exempt. (A Machaltzon has a metal head shaped like a large spoon and it is used for smoothing mud on the roof.)

(There is no dispute between these Tannaim -) R. Yehuda was referring to lowering a barrel and R. Shimon was referring to smoothing the roof with a Machaltzon.

Question (R. Yirmiyah to R. Abahu): If a person was pulling a roller (to smooth a flat roof) and someone stuck out his head and he crushed it with the roller and killed him, what is the law?

Answer (R. Abahu to R. Yirmiyah): On a flat roof it makes no difference whether it is during the pushing or pulling action - in both cases he must go into exile.

Question (R. Yirmiyah to R. Abahu): If he was pulling the roller on a flat roof and a child stuck out his arm and he crushed it with the roller, must he pay for the damages?

Answer (R. Abahu to R. Yirmiyah): Why trouble yourself to ask again - if in both cases he must go into exile for killing, certainly in both cases he is liable to pay for damages.

(Mishnah): If the axe head flew off from the handle and killed someone...

(Rebbi): He does not go into exile.

(Chachamim): He goes into exile.

If a wedge of wood flew from the tree and killed someone...

(Rebbi): He goes into exile.

(Chachamim): He does not go into exile.

(Gemara) - question: What is Rebbi's source?

Answer: It says here (about inadvertent killing) (Devarim 19:5), "And the metal slips [VENASHAL] from the wood" and it says further on (in the section of the admonitions) (Devarim 28:40), "because your olives will drop [YISHAL]". Just as over there, it refers to dropping, so here (about killing), it refers to (a wedge of wood) dropping.

Question: What is the Rabbanan's source?

Answer: It says here, NESHILAH and it says there (Devarim 7:22), "[VENASHAL] And Hash-m your God will hit these nations..." Just as over there it means to hit, so here (inadvertent killing) it means to hit (that the axe head was detached upon impact) and killed someone.