Question: What is the source for overturning beds?

R. Krispsi quoting R. Yochanan: The Pasuk states (Iyov 2, 13), "They sat with him to the ground'' - the Pasuk does not say "on the ground'', it says "to the ground''. This refers to something which is close to the ground - this teaches that mourners sleep on overturned beds.

Bar Kafra: I had one good image in your home and you have caused Me to overturn it (i.e. to make him die) - therefore, you must also overturn your bed.

Some express it differently - overturn the intermediary (i.e. the bed, that caused a man to come to this world).

R. Yona and R. Yosa quoting R. Shimon ben Lakish: One said that by sleeping on an overturned bed, if he happens to wake up during the night, he will remember that he is a mourner.

The other one said that when he sleeps on an overturned bed, he will be unsettled at night and remember that he is a mourner.

If he says, "I will not overturn my bed; I will sleep on a bench!'' -we do not listen to him since he said that he will not overturn his bed. But if he agreed to overturn it but said that he will sleep on a bench, we allow him.

Question (Mishnah): 'When they give him his first meal (after the burial), all present sit on the ground and he sits on a bench'. This is referring to a Kohen Gadol, but a regular Kohen does not sit on a bench. This also refers to where there are many comforters, but when he is alone, he may not sit on a bench?!

Overturning the beds - sometimes it is done for 6 days, sometimes 5 days, sometimes 4 days and sometimes 3 days. If he begins mourning on a Friday, he overturns for 6 days. If he begins on Friday close to nightfall, he overturns for 5 days. If Yom Tov follows Shabbos in that case, he overturns for 4 days. If the two day Yom Tov of Rosh Hashanah follows Shabbos in that case, he overturns for 3 days.

A student of R. Mana instructed one of the Nasi's relatives that once he lifts up his bed (before Shabbos), he does not need to overturn it (again after Shabbos as he has already fulfilled his obligation of overturning).

Question: How many days remained of this person's mourning?

R. Yaakov bar Acha quoting R. Yasa: 2 days remained.

R. Ba/ R. Ami/ R. Yaakov bar Zavdi quoting R. Yitzchak: 3 days remained

R. Chinana bar Pappa instructed them to overturn it even if only one day remains after Shabbos. The following Pasuk appeared to him in a dream, (Melachim 1, 13, 21), "...because you have rebelled'' (meaning that he should not have disagreed with the student of R. Mana).

Beraisa: One who stays in an inn is not required to overturn the bed, so that the gentiles do not accuse him of being a wizard.

If a person's father-in-law or mother-in-law or another of his wife's relatives died, he may not force her to adorn herself. Rather, he must behave with her in the same way that she is behaving (i.e. by keeping the laws of mourning).

Similarly, if her father-in-law or mother-in-law or one of her husband's other relatives died, she may not adorn herself. Rather, she must behave with him as he is behaving.

Shmuel: This only applies to his father-in-law or mother-in-law, but not if another of his relatives died.

R. Ba bar Kohen to R. Yosi/ R. Yudah bar Pazi quoting R. Yochanan: These laws only apply when her father-in-law was living with them.

R. Yosa once met R. Yudah bar Pazi and said to him, "Did you here this ruling from your father?''

Response (R. Yudah ben Pazi): No, I learned it from the following case - Bar Nechemya's wife's brother died and they asked (my father) if they must mourn.

He said that they need not, since mourning only applies to a husband when his father-in-law or mother-in-law dies.

Question: Can a husband recite Krias Shema and pray when they are involved in burying his deceased father-in-law or mother-in-law? (See earlier 23-(m) 2.)

Answer: Let us learn it from the following - If a person was burying a body and the time of Krias Shema arrived, he should move away from the grave(s), don his Tefilin and recite Krias Shema and pray.

The Mishnah taught (see earlier 19- 2) (b)): This is because we say that Shabbos counts towards the days of mourning but it does not end them; the festival ends the days of mourning but it does not count towards them.

R. Simon quoting R. Yochanan: Since marital relations are permitted on the festival (i.e. even private mourning is not required).

R. Yirmiyah to R. Yudah bei R. Simon: All of the students of R. Yochanan say that nobody heard this ruling from R. Yochanan except your father.

R. Yaakov to R. Yirmiyah: If R. Yochanan spoke about this, he was doubtful in his ruling.

According to R. Yehoshua ben Levi, he is forbidden to have marital relations.

Proof (R. Simon quoting R''YBL): Did they not say that on the festival, there is only private but not public mourning? Does private mourning not refer to marital relations?

Disproof: On the festival, marital relations are prohibited for him and the days do not count; so too Shabbos, since marital relations are prohibited, the days should not count?!

Response (R. Ba): It is possible to have 7 days without a festival, but it is not possible to have 7 days without a Shabbos.

(Mishnah) R. Eliezer: Since the destruction of the Temple (when the days that follow it are no longer used to bring the Chagigah offering if it was not brought on Yom Tov), Shavuos is like Shabbos (that it counts but does not stop).

Rabban Gamliel: Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur are like the festivals.

Chachamim: The Halacha is like neither of these opinions. Rather, Shavuos is like the festivals and Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur are like Shabbos.

(Gemara) The House of Yannai: Shavuos counts for 7 days like the other festivals.

They asked R. Yosa: When does Shavuos count as 7 days? 3 days before Shavuos and Shavuos itself makes 10 days or is it that 3 days before Shavuos is considered 7 days and another 7 days for Shavuos making 14 days?

R. Yosi bei Rebbi: If the mourning begins one day before Shavuos, he counts 5 days afterwards (as Shavuos counts as one day). If it was 2 days before Shavuos, he must count another 4 days afterwards. However, if it was 3 days before, Shavuos cancels the rest of the 7 days of mourning.

Beraisa: One may not visit a mourner on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

R. Shmuel bar Rav Yitzchak: If Yom Kippur occurs on Shabbos, one may [not] visit a mourner.

This is like the story of when R. Chizkiyah became a mourner. The Rabbanan went visit him on Yom Kippur.

R. Chizkiyah to Rabbanan: Did they not say that one may not visit a mourner on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur in order not to disturb the long prayers?

Answer: Yom Kippur that occurs on Shabbos is the same as when it occurs on a weekday.