[11a - 40 lines; 11b - 53 lines]
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We recommend using the textual changes suggested by the Bach and the marginal notes of the Vilna Shas. This section is devoted to any other important corrections that Acharonim have pointed out in the Gemara and Rashi
[1] Rashi 11b DH Dilma Kav'ah ã"ä ãìîà ÷áòä:
"shecheshe'Yichlu Yemei Tohar, Havah Lah Veses l'Esrim" ùëùéëìå éîé èåäø äåä ìä åñú ìòùøéí
These words apparently belong above, before the word "ul'Rebbi" åìøáé (Aruch la'Ner, Mei Nidah)
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1)[line 6]÷ôöäKAFTZAH- she jumped
2)[line 28]öøéëä ìäéåú áåã÷úTZERICHAH LI'HEYOS BODEKES- the Gemara (Daf 11b) explains that all the Bedikos of the Mishnah were performed only by a woman who often handled Taharos
3)[line 28]äðãäNIDAH
By Torah Law, a woman who has her period is a Nidah for seven days. It makes no difference whether she experienced bleeding only one time or for the entire seven days. At the end of seven days, after nightfall, she immerses in a Mikvah to become Tehorah. (The current practice is to consider all women who experience bleeding to be Zavos — see below, entry #9 — and therefore they must count seven clean days before they go to the Mikvah.)
4)[line 28]äéåùáú òì ãí èåäøHA'YOSHEVES AL DAM TOHAR (YOLEDES: DAM TOHAR)
(a)In Vayikra 12:1-8, the Torah discusses the laws of Tum'ah and Taharah after childbirth. (The same Halachos apply to a woman who miscarries after the fetus has reached a certain stage of development.) After a woman gives birth, she must wait for a certain amount of time before she can enter the Beis ha'Mikdash or eat Kodshim. That time period is divided into two stages:
1.During the initial stage, she has the status of a Nidah (even if she had not seen any blood). If she gave birth to a male, this lasts for seven days. If a female was born, this stage lasts for two weeks. At the end of this period, she may go to the Mikvah after nightfall. After she has gone to the Mikvah, she is known as a "Tevulas Yom Aroch" (a "long" Tevulas Yom — see Background to Nidah 71:23b), and she is permitted to her husband and to eat Ma'aser Sheni.
2.During the second stage, any bleeding that she experiences does not give her the status of a Nidah as it normally would. This blood is called Dam Tohar. Nevertheless, during this period, she may not eat Terumah, Kodshim or enter the Beis ha'Mikdash. This lasts for thirty-three days for a male, and sixty-six days for a female. Thus, the total waiting period for a male is forty days and for a female, eighty days.
(b)Any bleeding that the woman experiences after the conclusion of the above two terms is the start of her regular cycle (Dam Nidah).
(c)At the end of the above two stages, the woman may eat Kodshim and enter the Azarah of the Beis ha'Mikdash only after she brings a Korban Yoledes. Until then she is a Mechuseres Kaparah (see Background to Me'ilah 8:4). Her Korban includes a male sheep as an Olah and a Tor (turtledove) or a Ben Yonah (common dove) as a Chatas. If she could not afford a sheep, she brings two Torim or two Bnei Yonah, one as an Olah and one as a Chatas.
(d)The current practice is to consider a woman a Nidah even if she experiences bleeding during the period of Dam Tohar — see Insights to Nidah 25a.
5)[line 30]ôòîéíPA'AMAYIM- twice
6)[line 30]ùäéà òåáøúSHE'HI OVERES- she prepares herself (BARTENURA)
7)[line 31]ùäï àåëìåú áúøåîäSHE'HEN OCHLOS B'TERUMAH- the same Bedikah would apparently be done by a non-Kohenes who wanted to eat Kodshim Kalim. From the Mishnah it appears that Chazal required a Bedikah only before eating Terumah, since a person who is Tamei is liable to Malkus for eating Terumah; before touching Terumah or Kodshim it was not necessary to do a Bedikah (MISHNAH ACHARONAH, 1st explanation)
8)[line 32]áùòú òáøúï îìàëåì áúøåîäB'SHE'AS AVARASAN MI'LE'ECHOL BI'TERUMAH- when they stop eating Terumah
9)[line 34]éîé æéáúäYEMEI ZIVASAH (ZAVAH: YEMEI ZIVAH)
(a)The eleven days that follow the seven days of Nidah are "days of Zivah." If a woman experiences bleeding during these days for one or two consecutive days, whether the bleeding is b'Ones (due to an external cause, see Background to Kerisus 8:4:b) or not, she becomes a Zavah Ketanah and is Teme'ah. She is prohibited to her husband and has the status of an Av Ha'Tum'ah (see Background to Nidah 5:8).
(b)If she does not experience bleeding the following night and day, she may immerse in a Mikvah during the day to become Tehorah. She may even immerse on the morning immediately following the day on which she saw blood, but her Tum'ah and Taharah are contingent upon whether or not she experiences bleeding afterwards on that day. She is called a Shomeres Yom k'Neged Yom, because she must watch the following day to confirm whether or not she experiences bleeding.
(c)If a woman experiences bleeding for three consecutive days during her eleven days of Zivah, she becomes a Zavah Gedolah. In order for her to become Tehorah, she must count "Shiv'ah Neki'im," seven "clean days" during which she verifies that she experiences no other bleeding. On the morning of the seventh day she immerses in a Mikvah. If she does not experience bleeding during the rest of the day she is Tehorah and no longer a Zavah. A Zavah Gedolah must bring a Korban Zavah to permit her to enter the Beis ha'Mikdash or to eat Kodshim. The Korban is two Torim or two Benei Yonah, one offered as an Olah and one as a Chatas (Vayikra 15:25-30).
10a)[line 37]îîòéï ñúåíMI'MA'AYAN SASUM- from when she had not been menstruating previously
b)[line 37]îîòéï ôúåçMI'MA'AYAN PASU'ACH- from when she had been menstruating previously
11)[line 38]îá÷ùú ìéùá òì ãí èåäøMEVAKESHES LEISHEV AL DAM TOHAR- the day preceding the days of Yemei Tohar (see above, entry #4)
12a)[line 38]îòéï àçã äåàMA'AYAN ECHAD HU- there is a common source for the flow of Dam Tamei and Dam Tohar
b)[line 39]ùðé îòéðåú äíSHNEI MA'AYANOS HEM- there are two different sources for the flow of blood; one for Dam Tamei and one for Dam Tohar
11b----------------------------------------11b
13)[line 1]áéú ùîàé äéàBEIS SHAMAI HI- that is, according to Rav and Levi, it is Beis Shamai who rules that "Ma'ayan Echad Hu"; their argument is in the opinion of Beis Hillel (see Gemara Nidah Daf 35b)
14)[line 2]ñúí åàçø ëê îçìå÷úSTAM V'ACHAR KACH MACHLOKES
(a)The Chachamim set down various rules to determine the Halachah when there is an argument among the Tana'im.
(b)One of these rules applies where we find a certain Halachah recorded anonymously ("Stam") in one place in the Mishnah and it is recorded with dissenting views in another place. If the Stam Mishnah is the latter of the two, it is meant to resolve the argument and show that the Halachah follows this opinion (RASHI). If the dissenting opinions are recorded after the Stam Mishnah, it does not prove that we rule like the Stam Mishnah. This is either because such a Stam Mishnah provides no proof that the Stam is the Halachic opinion, or else because the argument following the Stam is meant to cast doubt on the Stam Mishnah and show that the Halachah does not follow that opinion. (See Background to Avodah Zarah 7:7.)
15)[line 12]ùìà äâéò æîðä ìøàåúSHE'LO HIGI'A ZEMANAH LIR'OS- who has not reached the age of menstruation (puberty)
16)[line 14]òã ùúçéä äîëäAD SHE'TICHYEH HA'MAKAH- until the wound heals
17)[line 15]ùìà ôñ÷ä îçîú úùîéùSHE'LO PASKAH MACHMAS TASHMISH- she did not have marital relations without seeing blood
18)[line 25]òëøïACHARAN- clouded them, distorted them
19)[line 49]çãà îëìì çáøúä àúîøCHADA MI'CHLAL CHAVERTAH ITMAR- it is from one of them that we derive his other ruling