1)

(a)When the Tana says 've'Eilu Ovrin ba'Pesach', he means that - they need to be destroyed (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The first four items on the list are 'Kutach ha'Bavli, Sheichar ha'Madi, Chometz ha'Edomi and Zeisum ha'Mitzri'. Kutach ha'Bavli is made from bread that is turning moldy and milk, and Zeisum ha'Mitzri from barley, safran, salt and water. One uses ...

1. ... Kutach ha'Bavli - as a condiment (to dip in one's food).

2. ... Zeisum ha'Mitzri - as a cure (for both diarrhea and constipation).

(c)The ingredients of ...

1. ... Sheichar ha'Madi are - wheat or barley soaked in water (See also Tiferes Yisrael).

2. ... Chometz ha'Edomi - barley that has been left to ferment in wine.

(d)All of the above have to be destroyed - because they fall under the category of - Ta'aroves Chametz (a mixture of Chametz).

(e)One will otherwise transgress - an Isur de'Rabbanan for retaining them over Pesach.

2)

(a)The Tana Kama adds to the list 'Zoman shel Tzava'im (of dyers), Amilan shel Tabachim (of cooks) and Kolan shel Sofrim (of scribes)'. The ingredients of ...

1. ... Zoman shel Tzaba'im are - water in which bran has been left to soak.

2. ... Amilan shel Tabachim is - predominantly bread that is made from grain that has grown to less than a third of its full growth.

3. ... Kolan shel Sofrim is - dust from the flour-mill that has been mixed with water.

(b)All of the above have to be destroyed - because they fall under the category of Chametz Nokshah.

(c)Rebbi Eliezer adds women's ornaments - with reference to dough mixed with spices (which falls under the category of Chametz Nokshah al-Y'dei Ta'aroves,

(d)According to the Tana Kama - one is not Chayav for Chametz Nokshah al-Y'dei Ta'aroves.

3)

(a)The Mishnah concludes 'Zeh ha'Kelal: Kol she'Hu Miyn Dagan - (incorporating the five species of grain [wheat, barley, rye, oats and spelt), harei Eilu be'Azharah ... '.

(b)The Tana is referring to the Azharah - of 'Bal Tochal Chametz'.

(c)In order to transgress - one must have added water ...

(d)... not fruit-juice, which is not Machmitz.

(e)And he concludes 've'Ein bahem Mishum Kareis' - since it is only pure Chayav that is subject to Kareis (but not Ta'aroves, and certainly not Chametz Nokshah).

4)

(a)In order to be Chayav Malkos for eating Ta'aroves Chametz, one must have eaten - a k'Zayis bi'Ch'dei Achilas P'ras (a k'Zayis per three or four k'Beitzim).

(b)Less than that - is nevertheless forbidden (since even a Kol Sh'hu Chametz is Asur).

5)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses dough that is stuck in the cracks of a kneading-trough - which has deliberately been placed there in order to reinforce it.

(b)The Tana draws a distinction between a k'Zayis in one place - which one is obligated to destroy on Pesach, and less than a k'Zayis, which one may retain.

(c)If the dough was not placed there in order to strengthen the kneading-trough - then even less than a k'Zayis must be destroyed ...

(d)... Seeing as the owner is not Mevatel it there, and he might come to remove it.

6)

(a)What the Tana adds 've'Chein le'Inyan Tum'ah' he means that - likewise, if a Sheretz touched the dough on Pesach then if there is a k'Zayis, it is Chashuv and is Chotzeitz; if not, the it becomes Tamei too.

(b)'Chotzetz' means - that it prevents the kneading trough from becoming Tamei.

(c)The dough is not Chotzetz however, even when there is less than a k'Zayis - if the owner is particular to remove it.

7)

(a)When the Tana continues 've'Im Makpid alav, Chotzeitz', he is referring to the rest of the year, which is different than on Pesach in this regard - because there is no isur that renders a k'Zayis of dough Chachuv.

(b)Consequently - the Chatzitzah depends entirely on whether the owner is particular to remove it (in which case it is Chotzetz and the kneading-trough will not become Tamei) or not (in which case, it is not Chotzetz ...).

8)

(a)'Batzeik ha'Cheresh' is - 'a deaf dough' (dough that does not emit a resounding noise when one slaps it (in which case we cannot know whether it is Chametz or not.

(b)One can determine immediately as to whether it has turned Chametz or not - by bringing another dough that was made at the same time as it, and comparing the 'deaf one' to it.

(c)If there is no other dough with which to compare it - then one reckons from the time that the dough was kneaded, if Shi'ur Mil has elapsed, one assumes that it has become Chametz, otherwise not.

(d)'Shi'ur Mil' is - two fifth of an hour (i.e. twenty-four minutes [See also Tiferes Yisrael]).

9)

(a)The Mishnah discusses how to separate Chalah on Pesach from a Tamei dough. The problem with ...

1. ... baking it is - that since it cannot be eaten, it may not be baked on Yom-Tov.

2. ... leaving it until nightfall and burning it then is - that in the meantime, it will become Chametz and the owner will transgress Bal Yera'eh and Bal Yimatzei.

3. ... feeding it to one's dogs is - that one is not allowed to destroy Kodshim on Yom-Tov.

(b)According to Rebbi Eliezer, one only declares it Chalah after it has been baked - because then, each Chalah that one bakes is fit to eat, since he is then able to separate Chalah from each Matzah that he bakes.

(c)After having baked them, he separates one of the loaves as Chalah to cover all the loaves ...

(d)... because he holds - that if after baking, one places all the loaves into one basket, the basket combines them for Chalah.

(e)According to Rebbi Yehudah ben Beseira - one separates Chalah and place it in cold water (See Tos. Yom-Tov and Tiferes Yisrael).

10)

(a)Rebbi Yehoshua rules that one separates Chalah and leaves it. He is not concerned that it will become Chametz - because once the owner has declared it Chalah, it is no longer his to transgress ...

(b)... since the Torah writes in Parshas Bo "Lo Yera'eh l'cha Se'Or", from which Chazal learn 'she'Lecha I Atah Ro'eh, Aval Atah Ro'eh shel Acherim (See Tos. Yom-Tov) ve'shel Gavohah'.

(c)Rebbi Eliezer disagrees with Rebbi Yehoshua - based on the principle of 'Ho'il' (Since the owner is able to go back on his declaration of Chalah, the dough is still considered his; whereas Rebbi Yehoshua does not hold of 'Ho'il'.

(d)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Eliezer (See Tiferes Yisrael).

11)

(a)Raban Gamliel rules that three women, all sharing the same oven - may knead their own Matzah-doughs simultaneously ...

(b)... even though this means that they will all need to bake at the same time, and will have to wait for one another to finish baking her Matzos.

(c)The Chachamim - obligate each of the women to work at different stages, the last one starts kneading only when the second one is already arranging her dough, which she does when the first one begins to bake.

12)

(a)Rebbi Akiva says that not all women are the same, neither is all wood, nor are all ovens. Not ...

1. ... all women are the same - since there are some who are lazy, and will allow the dough to become Chametz if they have to wait so long.

2. ... all wood is the same - because some types of wood do not burn as well as others.

3. ... all ovens are the same - since there are some which do not heat up as quickly as others.

(b)Rebbi Akiva is actually querying Raban Gamliel, and agreeing with the Chachamim ...

(c)... because as long as one is working on the dough, it cannot become Chametz.

(d)The Halachah - is like Rebbi Akiva.

(e)The Tana concludes 'Zeh ha'Kelal; Tafach, Tiltosh be'Tzonein!', by which he means that - the moment the dough on which one is working shows signs of rising, one dips one's hands in cold water and slaps the dough, causing the swelling to subside.

13)

(a)The Mishnah now draws a distinction between Se'ur - (dough that has begun to become Chametz) and Siduk - (dough in which cracks have appeared).

(b)Both of them - must be burned.

(c)The Tana rules that someone who eats ...

1. ... Se'ur - is Patur from Kareis.

2. ... Siduk - is Chayav Kareis.

14)

(a)Rebbi Yehudah defines Se'ur as 'ke'Karnei Chagavim' - 'like the horns of a grasshopper', which means a crack here and a crack there, whereas ...

(b)... Siduk means - where the cracks have joined.

(c)According to the Chachamim however, both of these fall under the category of Siduk and are therefore subject to Kareis. 'Se'ur', according to them, is - when the dough turns pale (like a frightened person who hair stands on end), but no cracks have yet appeared in it.

15)

(a)According to Rebbi Meir, when Erev Pesach falls on Shabbos, one destroys one's Chametz on Friday - leaving only enough for the Shabbos meals.

(b)According to the Chachamim - one destroys the Chametz on Shabbos, as usual.

(c)Rebbi Elazar b'Rebbi Tzadok makes a compromise between Terumah and Chulin. According to him, one destroy one's ...

1. ... Terumah - on Friday, and one's ...

2. ... Chametz - on Shabbos.

(d)The reason for this distinction is - because whereas one is able to give Chulin to a Nochri or to an animal, Terumah can only be eaten by Kohanim.

(e)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Elazar b'Rebbi Tzadok.

16)

(a)The Tana now discusses someone who is on his way to Shecht his Korban Pesach or to circumcise his son on Erev Pesach, when he remembers that he still has Chametz at home. What they have in common is - that they are both Mitzvos.

(b)The Tana adds to the list - the Mitzvah of eating the Se'udas Erusin at his father-in-law's house (See Meleches Sh'lomoh).

(c)The Mishnah obligates him to return and destroy his Chametz - provided he is able to do so and still perform the Mitzvah on hand in time.

(d)Otherwise - Bitul Chametz alone will suffice.

17)

(a)If he remembers ... whilst he is on his way to save ...

1. ... Yisre'elim who are being attacked by Nochrim, or ...

2. ... his property from an overflowing river, robbers, a fire or an earthquake - then either way, he performs Bitul Chametz and is Yotzei.

(b)The last case the Mishnah discusses is that of somebody who is on his way 'Lishbos Shevisas (ha'Reshus)' ...

1. ... to wait on the border to be able to walk two thousand Amos from there. 'Ha'Reshus' in this context means ...

2. ... for personal reasons (not for a Miztvah).

(c)The Halachah in ...

1. ... this case is - that he must return home immediately to destroy his Chametz.

2. ... the case of 'Lishbos Shevisas Mitzvah' is - the same as the cases of Mitzvah listed at the beginning of the Mishnah.

(d)Examples of 'Shevisas Mitzvah' are - where he intends to visit a Beis Aveil after Shabbos or to attend a wedding.

18)

(a)In similar fashion, the Mishnah now discusses someone who leaves Yerushalayim carrying leftover B'sar Kodesh, which one normally burns - wherever it should have been eaten.

(b)We learn this from the Pasuk in Tzav (in connection with Kodesh Kodshim) " ... ba'Kodesh Lo Se'achel, ba'Eish Tisaref" - from the juxtaposition of "ba'Eish Tisaref" to "ba'Kodesh".

(c)He is permitted to burn it there where he is - provided he has already passed Tzofim (any spot around Yerushalayim from where one can see the city [Tiferes Yisrael]).

(d)If he has not passed Tzofim - he may burn it inside the Azarah (See Tiferes Yisrael) ...

(e)... using wood from the Ma'arachah (see Tiferes Yisrael).

19)

(a)Rebbi Meir maintains that the minimum amount for which one is obligated to return regarding both of the above (Chametz and B'sar Kodesh) is a k'Beitzah. Rebbi Yehudah says - a k'Zayis.

(b)The basis of their Machlokes is - whether Chazal followed the Shi'ur Achilah (Rebbi Meir) or the Shi'ur Tum'ah (Rebbi Yehudah).

(c)The Chachamim say - 'B'sar Kodesh, bi'k'Zayis; ve'Chametz, bi'ke'Beitzah ...

(d)... due to the Chumra of Kodshim.

(e)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.