1)

(a)The minimum Shiur of straw that one will be Chayav for carrying out on Shabbos, is enough to fill the mouth of a cow; straw of legumes, to fill the mouth of a camel; of stubble, enough to fill a lamb's mouth, and grass, to fill the mouth of a kid-goat. The reason that the Shiur for carrying ...

1. ... straw of legumes is enough to fill the larger mouth of a camel and not the smaller one of a cow is - camels eat it, whereas cows do not.

2. ... enough to fill the larger mouth of a lamb, and not the smaller one of a kid-goat is - because lambs eat stubble, whereas kids do not.

(b)Grass on the other hand, is fit for a lamb no less than for a kid. Nevertheless, Chazal fixed the smaller Shiur of a kid's mouthful - because whenever something has two uses, Chazal followed the smaller Shiur, since it is stricter.

2)

(a)The Shiur for carrying out fresh Garlic and onion-leaves is a ki'G'rogeres, and of dry ones, enough to fill a kid-goat's mouth (a smaller Shiur) - because kids eat dry garlic and onion leaves, but not fresh ones. Consequently, fresh leaves are gauged by the more lenient Shiur of human food, which is a ki'Gerogeres.

(b)Two half-Shi'urim of two species that someone carries out - will not combine to render the person who is carrying them, Chayav.

3)

(a)When Rav Dimi arrived from Eretz Yisrael, he quoted Rebbi Yochanan as saying that someone who carries out the Shiur of a cow's mouthful of straw to feed a camel, will be Chayav - whilst Resh Lakish rules that he is Patur.

(b)In the morning, he added, Rebbi Yochanan retracted. On the ...one hand ...

1. ... Rav Yosef praises Rebbi Yochanan's retraction - on the grounds that what he carried out was insufficient for a camel.

2. ... other, Abaye disagrees with it - because it is after all, sufficient to feed a cow.

(c)Abaye therefore condones Ravin's version of the story (that in the previous case, even Resh Lakish will agree that he is Chayav). According to Ravin, Rebbi Yochanan and Resh Lakish argue in a case where one carries out a cow's mouthful of straw of legumes to feed a cow, and Resh Lakish is the one to say Chayav, and Rebbi Yochanan, Patur - Rebbi Yochanan holds that, although a cow will eat straw of legumes if it is very hungry, what one eats in an emergency is not called eating; whereas according to Resh Lakish, it is.

(d)Our Mishnah, which gives the Shiur for stubble as enough to fill the mouth of a lamb, and the Beraisa, which gives the Shiur of a ki'G'rogeres, do not clash - because they are one and the same Shiur.

4)

(a)Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina qualifies the in our Mishnah, that half a Shiur of one kind together with half a Shiur of another kind do not combine to make a whole Shiur - by confining it to the smaller, more stringent Shiur. They do however, combine to make up the larger, more lenient Shiur.

(b)When the Tana of the Mishnah in Keilim writes 'ha'Beged Sheloshah al Sheloshah', he means - that a garment which is three by three Tefachim, is subject to Tum'as Medras (because to be Metamei Tum'as Maga, three finger-breadths by three finger-breadths would suffice).

(c)The minimum Shiur Tum'ah for sack-cloth (a material made of goat's hair) is four by four Tefachim; for hide, five by five, and for a reed-mat, six by six Tefachim.

(d)The Shiur of the one will combine with the one nearest to it i.e. cloth and sack, sack and hide, hide and reed, says Rebbi Shimon, because they are fit to be stitched together and used as patches for a saddle-cloth on a donkey's back (though sack-cloth and reeds do not combine) to combine for Tum'as Medras and Moshav.

5)

(a)The Kashya on Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina is - from this latter statement (allowing these different Shiurim to combine only because they are fit to be stitched and used together) whereas according to Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina, the various animal foods combine to make-up the larger Shiur, even though they are not eaten together.

(b)Rava resolves this difficulty - by establishing Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina in a case where someone has animal food to sell. He will gather a small amount from each kind of food, and place them on a pile outside his window, to advertise what he is selling. Such a person will deliberately bunch them together, to prevent them from blowing away, which is why they combine to make up the Shi'ur.

6)

(a)Different foods will combine to make up the Shiur ki'G'rogeres with regard to carrying on Shabbos - because whatever has the same Shiur combines to complement it.

(b)The disposable parts of fruit, such as the peels and the pits, the stalks, the husks and the bran - do not combine with the fruit to make up the Shiur.

(c)

1. 'Subin' are - the husks.

2. 'Mursan' is - the coarse bran.

(d)According to Rebbi Yehudah - the lentil-shells do combine with the lentils to make up the Shiur, seeing as one tends to cook them together.

7)

(a)The husks and the bran combine to make up the Shiur Chalah, because they are considered food - because poor people tend to eat their bread without removing them. Shabbos however, is different - because one is only Chayav for carrying something that is Chashuv. Consequently, since most people tend to remove the husks and the bran before baking the bread, it is not considered Chashuv, and does not therefore combine with the food to make up the Shiur.

(b)In our Mishnah, Rebbi Yehudah only includes lentil-shells in the Shiur - because he is speaking about old shells, and old bean-shells (outer husks) do not combine; whereas in the Beraisa, he is speaking about fresh shells, in which case, bean-shells will also combine, since they too (like lentils), are cooked together with the beans.

(c)The reason that Rebbi Yehudah concedes to the Chachamim by old bean-shells is - because they turn black and resemble worms (so people tend to throw them away).

8)

(a)The Shiur for carrying out ...

1. ... milk is - one mouthful.

2. ... honey is - the amount that one would place on a sore on a horse's or camel's backs.

3. ... oil is - the amount that one would use to anoint a small limb (this will be explained later).

4. ... water - is the amount that one would mix with other ingredients to make up an eye-cure.

(b)The Shiur of all other liquids, including sewage-water - is a Revi'is ha'Lug ...

(c)... which is the equivalent of one and a half egg-volumes.

9)

(a)According to Rebbi Shimon, the Shiur of all liquids is - a Revi'is ha'Lug.

(b)As for the Shiurim of less than a Revi'is mentioned by the Tana Kama, he explains that they refer (not to ordinary people, but) - to people who put these Shiurim away, exclusively.

10)

(a)The Shiur for undiluted wine is 'K'dei Mezigas Kos Yafeh' - which means sufficient wine to make up a Kos shel Berachah (i.e. the cup of wine over which one recites Birchas ha'Mazon with a Mezuman, and it is called by this name, because the Chachamim required its beautification [in the form of the ten things described in B'rachos]).

(b)The cup must contain a quarter of a Revi'is of wine - so that it will amount to a full Revi'is when the required three parts of water to one part wine has been added (after Birchas ha'Aretz).