(a)Rebbi Eliezer invalidates a stolen Sukah and one that is built in the street. Why is the latter Pasul?
(b)The Rabanan disagree. What is their reason?
(c)How does Rebbi Eliezer Darshen the Pasuk "Ta'aseh Lecha"? Which two possible reasons does Rav Nachman give to explain why Rebbi Eliezer now invalidates a stolen Sukah?
(d)Since we know (from a Gemara in Bava Kama) that Rebbi Eliezer really holds that land can be stolen, why does Rav Nachman suggest the other alternative?
1)
(a)Rebbi Eliezer invalidates a stolen Sukah and one that is built in the street - because that too, is considered stolen (since he stole the space that belongs to the public).
(b)The Rabanan disagree, because in their opinion - land cannot be stolen, and one can fulfill one's obligation with someone else's Sukah.
(c)Rebbi Eliezer invalidates them - because he Darshens "Ta'aseh Lecha" to mean from your own - not borrowed and not stolen. Consequently, either he holds that land can be stolen, in which case, it is Pasul because it is stolen, or he holds that it cannot, and it is Pasul because it is borrowed.
(d)Even though we know (from a Gemara in Bava Kama) that Rebbi Eliezer really holds that land can be stolen Rav Nachman suggests the alternative - because had he not done so, we would have thought that Rebbi Eliezer concedes that one can be Yotzei in a borrowed Sukah (which is not the case, as we have already learned above in Perek ha'Yashen).
2)
(a)On what basis do we establish the Machlokes between Rebbi Eliezer and the Rabanan in a case when someone evicts the owner from his Sukah and sits in it? How do we know that?
(b)One of the reasons that Rebbi Eliezer concedes that a stolen Sukah that is constructed with stolen wood is Kasher, is because of Takanas ha'Shavin (or Takanas Marish). What is 'Takanas ha'Shavin'?
(c)Why did Chazal institute it?
(d)What alternative reason might prompt that ruling?
(e)The Rabanan, on the other hand, concede that if someone stole a ready-made Sukah on a wagon or on a ship that the Sukah is Pasul. Why is that?
2)
(a)We establish the dispute between Rebbi Eliezer and the Rabanan when someone throws the owner out of his Sukah and sits in it - because then it is similar to putting up a Sukah in the Reshus ha'Rabim (which is mentioned together with it) seeing as both concern domains which do not belong to them.
(b)One of the reasons that Rebbi Eliezer concedes that a stolen Sukah that is constructed with stolen wood is Kasher, is because of Takanas ha'Shavin (or Takanas Marish) - which means that, despite the fact that the wood is still intact, Chazal decreed that one may retain the wood, and needs to pay only money ...
(c)... in order not to discourage the thief from repenting and paying for his theft, by forcing him to demolish his house in order to return the wood that he stole.
(d)Alternatively, Rebbi Eliezer concedes ... either because one acquires it either with Shinuy Ma'aseh or with Shinuy Hash-m.
(e)The Rabanan, on the other hand, concede that if someone stole a ready-made Sukah on a wagon or on a ship that the Sukah is Pasul - because 'Takanas ha'Shavin' only applies when one built the wood into one's house (involving a lot of work, which would now have to be re-done if he had to remove it and return it), but not here, where he stole the complete Sukah.
3)
(a)Why did that old woman claim before Rav Nachman that the Resh Galusa and all his entourage were sitting in a stolen Sukah?
(b)What was Rav Nachman's reaction?
(c)To whom was the old woman referring when she complained that no-one took any notice of a woman whose father owned three hundred and eighteen slaves? What were the names of the two people?
(d)How did Rav Nachman respond to that?
3)
(a)That old woman claim before Rav Nachman that the Resh Galusa and all his entourage were sitting in a stolen Sukah - because they had stolen her wood and built it into their Sukah.
(b)Rav Nachman - simply ignored her.
(c)When the old woman complained that no-one took any notice of a woman whose father owned three hundred and eighteen slaves, she was referring to - Avraham Avinu and Eliezer (whose numerical value is three hundred and eighteen).
(d)Rav Nachman's response - was to refer to her as a cry-baby, and to insist that she only had a claim to the money, but not to the beam.
4)
(a)Why is there reason to believe that Takanas Marish (or ha'Shavin) should not apply to a large beam of wood?
(b)When will 'Takanas Marish' apply by a Sukah even after the termination of Sukos, and when will it not?
4)
(a)There is reason to believe that 'Takanas Marish' (or 'ha'Shavin') should not apply to a large beam of wood - because it is valuable, and (unlike small pieces of wood, which one can easily obtain, it) is difficult for the owner to replace.
(b)'Takanas Marish' will apply by a Sukah even after the termination of Sukos - if the beam has been permanently fixed to the Sukah.
5)
(a)In a Beraisa, the Tana Kama invalidates a dry Lulav, whereas Rebbi Yehudah validates it. How does Rava explain their Machlokes? On what authority does a Tana argue with a Hekesh?
(b)If Rebbi Yehudah does not require 'Hadar' by a Lulav, why does he rule ...
1. ... in our Mishnah, that a Lulav whose leaves have come away from the spine must be tied?
2. ... in a Mishnah later, that the Lulav must be tied together with the Hadasim and the Aravos?
(c)Why can Rebbi Yehudah's reason there not possibly be due to 'Hadar'?
(d)Why, on the other hand, does he forbid tying them with any other species?
5)
(a)In a Beraisa, the Tana Kama invalidates a dry Lulav, whereas Rebbi Yehudah validates it. Rava explains that whereas the Rabanan compare Lulav to Esrog (where the Torah explicitly requires "Hadar"); Rebbi Yehudah does not, because, in his opinion, a Hekesh (like a Gezeirah-Shavah) must be transmitted from one's Rebbes (as is the case by all of the thirteen principles except for a Kal va'Chomer (See Tosfos DH 'v'Rebbi Yehudah').
(b)Even though Rebbi Yehudah does not require 'Hadar' by a Lulav, he nevertheless rules ...
1. ... in our Mishnah, that a Lulav whose leaves have come away from the spine must be tied - because of the Pasuk "Kapos Temarim" (which he interprets to mean that loose leaves must be tied).
2. ... in a Mishnah later, that the Lulav must be tied together with the Hadasim and the Aravos - because he learns a 'Gezeirah-Shavah "u'Lekachtem" "u'Lekachtem" from the Agudas Ezov of the Korban Pesach.
(c)Rebbi Yehudah's reason there, cannot possibly be due to 'Hadar' - because, in Rava's opinion, he even permits tying it with parts of the date-palm, that will not enhance the looks of the Lulav at all.
(d)On the other hand, he forbids tying them with any other species - because, seeing as Rebbi Yehudah requires tying the Lulav, tying it with another species will entail 'Bal Tosif' (adding to the four species), which is forbidden.
6)
(a)If one does not have an Esrog, may one use a quince or a pomegranate in its place?
(b)Is an Esrog Kasher if it is ...
1. ... withered?
2. ... dry?
6)
(a)Someone who does not have an Esrog - may not use a quince or a pomegranate in its place.
(b)An Esrog is ...
1. ... Kasher if it is withered.
2. ... but not if it is dry.
7)
(a)What does Rebbi Yehudah prove from the people who used to bequeath their Lulavin to their grandchildren?
(b)How do we initially understand Rebbi Yehudah, and how does his statement here appear to contradict Rava, who said earlier that Rebbi Yehudah agrees that an Esrog must be 'Hadar'?
(c)What is Rebbi Yehudah really referring to, according to Rava?
7)
(a)Rebbi Yehudah proves from the people who used to bequeath their Lulavin to their grandchildren - that a dry Lulav is Kasher.
(b)We initially thought that Rebbi Yehudah also referred to a dry Esrog - from which we see that Rebbi Yehudah does not require Hadar by an Esrog either (a Kashya on Rava, who said earlier that he does).
(c)According to Rava - Rebbi Yehudah is really referring to a dry Lulav, and not to an Esrog.
31b----------------------------------------31b
8)
(a)The opening words of the Beraisa that we just quoted are that just as it is forbidden to detract from the four species, so too, is it forbidden to add to them. How do we answer the question 'Peshita'?
(b)Why is it also not so obvious that one cannot use a quince or a pomegranate in lieu of an Esrog? What might we have thought?
(c)Then why is it in fact, forbidden?
8)
(a)The opening words of the Beraisa that we just quoted are that just as it is forbidden to detract from the four species, so too, is it forbidden to add to them - because we might otherwise have thought that since Rebbi Yehudah requires tying the species together, it would be permitted to add other species, as long as one does not bind them together with the other three (The Beraisa now teaches us that, although adding another species in this way does not detract from the Mitzvah, it is nevertheless forbidden, because of 'Bal Tosif' - see Tosfos DH 'Ho'il').
(b)It is also not so obvious that one cannot use a quince or a pomegranate in lieu of an Esrog - because we might have permitted this so as not to forget the Mitzvah of Lulav.
(c)In fact, it is forbidden - because one might come to believe that a quince or a pomegranate are viable alternatives to an Esrog, and will go on to permit them l'Chatchilah in future years.
9)
(a)What do we finally prove from the Beraisa where Rebbi Yehudah specifically permits an old Esrog? What does Rava (who said above that Rebbi Yehudah holds of 'Hadar' by Esrog) answer to that?
(b)Seeing as Rebbi Yehudah does not hold of 'Hadar' even by an Esrog, why does he invalidate an Esrog that is ...
1. ... as green as leek?
2. ... smaller than an egg?
3. ... too large for a person to hold two of them in one hand?
(c)How large may an Esrog be, according to Rebbi Yosi?
(d)How does Rebbi Yehudah interpret "Hadar" (in the Pasuk "Pri Etz Hadar")?
9)
(a)We finally prove from the Beraisa where Rebbi Yehudah specifically permits an old Esrog - that Rebbi Yehudah does not require Hadar by an Esrog either, to which Rava (who said above that Rebbi Yehudah holds of 'Hadar' by Esrog) has no answer).
(b)Even though Rebbi Yehudah does not hold of 'Hadar' even by an Esrog, he nevertheless invalidates an Esrog that is ...
1. ... as green as leek - because the fruit is not yet completed.
2. ... smaller than an egg - for the same reason.
3. ... too large for a person to hold two of them in one hand - because, should the Esrog be larger than that, one might, after receiving the Lulav and Esrog from one's friend, attempt to change the Lulav to the right hand and the Esrog to the left, and due to its size, drop the Esrog.
(c)According to Rebbi Yosi - the Esrog may even be so large that one can only hold it with two hands.
(d)Rebbi Yehudah interprets "Hadar" which the Torah writes by Esrog - to mean that it remains on the tree the whole year (from which we derive that the "Pri Etz Hadar" of the four species is an Esrog (since it is the only fruit to remain on the tree for so long).
10)
(a)Rava validates a Lulav of Avodah-Zarah. What are the two possible meanings of 'an Esrog of Avodah-Zarah'?
(b)Why is it not forbidden to use such an Esrog, since it is 'Asur b'Hana'ah'?
(c)How will Rava explain our Mishnah, which invalidates a Lulav of an Asheirah (an idol-worship tree)? How do we prove that?
10)
(a)Rava validates a Lulav of Avodah-Zarah - which means either a Lulav that was used to sweep in front of an idol, or one that they passed in front of it or threw in front of it (assuming that that was the way it was worshipped).
(b)It is not forbidden to use such an Esrog (due to it being 'Asur b'Hana'ah') - because of the principle 'Mitzvos Lav Lehanos Nitnu' (the purpose of a Mitzvah is to serve Hash-m, and not to derive physical benefit from it).
(c)Our Mishnah, which invalidates a Lulav from an Asheirah - is speaking about an Asheirah that existed in Eretz Yisrael at the time when Yisrael entered it, and which the Torah ordered to be burned. Since it had to be burned, it was as if it had already been burned, and therefore had no Shi'ur. Rava on the other hand, is speaking about ordinary idolatry, which does not need to be burned, and which is therefore Kasher. The proof for this is that the Lulav of Asheirah is mentioned together with that of an Ir ha'Nidachas, which has to be burned.
