1)

(a)The Mishnah discusses ...

1. ... Yad - an accessory that is attached to the fruit by which one holds it.

2. ... Shomer - an accessory that protects it.

(b)An example of a Yad regarding ...

1. ... fruit is - the stalks of apples, grapes and pears.

2. ... meat is - part of the bone that has meat at the other end.

(c)The two things that they have in common is that - they are both Mitamei (subject to Tum'ah) and that when they are Tamei, they are Metamei others (Metamei) ...

(d)... irrespective of whether they are edible or not.

(e)The ramifications of Mitamei are that - it becomes Tamei together with the rest of the fruit.

2)

(a)A Shomer - combines to make-up the Shi'ur Tum'ah both to become Tamei and be Metamei others, whereas a Yad does not.

(b)The Shi'ur Tum'ah is - a k'Beitzah (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)An accessory of fruit that is neither a Shomer nor a Yad - (such as hair) is neither subject to Tum'ah nor is it Metamei others.

(d)The end of the stalk of a fruit that enters the fruit and that is attached to the pit - is considered a Shomer.

3)

(a)Another example of Shomer - is the peel of a fruit.

(b)We learn the Din of Yad from the Pasuk in Shemini "ve'Chi Yipol mi'Nivlasam al Kol Zera Zeru'a ... Tamei Hu lachem" - from which we Darshen "Lachem", 'le'Chol Tzorcheichem' (even part of the fruit that is not fit to eat).

(c)Whereas the additional words "Asher Yizare'a" in the above Pasuk (see Tos. Yom-Tov) - we Darshen to mean the way one takes the fruit to be planted (with its skin)', to include a Shomer.

4)

(a)The Mishnah discusses the roots of garlic, onions and leek - all of which it considers a Shomer and combine with the vegetable.

(b)The Chumra that the Pitma (the blossomed end of the vegetable) has over the roots is that - whereas only as long as the roots are moist are they considered a Shomer, the Pitma is considered a Shomer even when it is dry.

(c)And the Tana (R. Meir) concludes the list with Amud she'Hu Keneged ha'Ochel (of onions and garlics) and Sharashei ha'Chazarim, ve'ha'Tzenon ve'ha'Nafus. The definition of ...

1. ... Amud she'Hu Keneged ha'Ochel is - the heart of the onion from one end of which the seeds sprout (see Tiferes Yisrael).

2. ... Sharashei ha'Chazarim is - the roots of lettuce.

(d)A Tz'non is a regular radish, and a Nafus (see Tos. Yom-Tov) - a specific species of radish.

5)

(a)R. Yehudah discusses the root and the Siv of a large radish. Siv is - thin strands that grow from a point near the top of the radish, which the sellers cut off before selling them.

(b)He rules that - the root combines to make up a Shi'ur k'Beitzah, whereas the Siv does not.

(c)The Mishnah begins a new list of Shomrim with the roots of mint (see Tos. Yom-Tov), rue-plants and field-vegetables - vegetables that grow wild in a field, the roots of which are not usuallly eaten.

(d)The Tana includes vegetables that one pulled out from a garden - provided one's intention was to re-plant them.

6)

(a)The Tana concludes the list with ...

1. ... Shidrah shel Shiboles - the central stalk of corn to which all the small stalks (holding the grains) are attached.

2. ... ha'Levush she'Lah - the shell that contains the kernel.

(b)In all the above cases, the Mishnah rules - Mitam'in, u'Metam'in u'Mitztarfin.

(c)R. Elazar adds ha'Sig shel Ratzofes - the dust that sticks to the top of the vegetable and forms a sort of a web on it.

(d)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

7)

(a)The Mishnah now adds the roots of garlic, onions and leek to the list of Yados. They are Mitamei and Metamei, but not Metzaref - provided they are dry.

(b)And he also includes the heart of the onion in this list - provided it is not next to the edible part of the onion.

8)

(a)Also included in the list are Yad ha'Parchil, Yad ha'Eshkol & Zanav shel Eshkol. The definition of ...

1. ... Parchil is - a branch containing clusters of grapes that has been detached from the vine.

2. ... Yad ha'Eshkol is - the handle of a cluster of grapes.

3. ... Zanav shel Eshkol is - the tip of the cluster.

(b)All of these - are speaking when they are devoid of grapes.

(c)Yad ha'Parchil is - handle of the first cluster on either side of the Parchil.

(d)The Shi'ur of the ...

1. ... Yad ha'Parchil on either side of the top of the branch is - one Tefach.

2. ... Yad ha'Eshkol - and the ...

3. ... Yad ha'Zanav are - Kol-she'Hu (any size).

(e)The latter is considered a Yad - because it is also used as a handle.

9)

(a)And the Tana includes Yad ha'Machbed shel Temarah & the Kanah shel Shiboles. The Machbed shel Temarah is - the broom of the date-palm with the dates hanging from it (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The maximum Shi'ur of the ..

1. ... Yad ha'Machbed shel Temarah is - four Tefachim.

2. ... Kaneh shel Shiboles (that serves as a Yad) is - three Tefachim.

(c)And the Shi'ur Yad of any growing crops that are generally ...

1. ... harvested is - three Tefachim too.

2. ... not harvested is - is Kol-she'Hein (see Tiferes Yisrael, note 32 & 33).

(d)The final item in this list is - Mela'in shel Shiboles (the beard-like hair that grows on the stalk together with the kernels [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

10)

(a)The Mishnah now lists ...

1. ... Kolsei ha'Keruv - the top of the cabbage, from which grow twisted sinews, which the sellers tend to remove before selling them (see Tiferes Yisrael, note 38 & 39), and ...

2. ... Chalfei Teradim ve'ha'Lefes - the roots of beets and turnips, which one leaves growing in the ground when removing the vegetables from the earth but which were inadvertently pulled out together with them.

(b)The Tana rules in these cases - Lo Mitam'in, ve'Lo Metam'in ve'Lo Mitztarfin ...

(c)... because they are not used as a Yad, as we explained.

11)

(a)R. Yossi is stringent in all the above cases - inasmuch as he considers them all Tamei, except for two of them ...

(b)... because whatever is pulled out from the ground is considered a Yad.

(c)The two exceptions are the roots of Kolsei ha'Keruv, and the roots of beets and turnips, which he concedes, are Tahor, which he considers neither a Yad nor a shomer (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

12)

(a)The Mishnah declares all Yados of food that has been threshed in the granary Tahor - because the threshing loosens the Yados and renders them unreliable to continue using them as such (Tiferes Yisrael).

(b)R. Yossi disagrees - in that one can still use them as Yados when turning over the food with a pitch-fork (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.

13)

(a)The Tana now discusses P'sigah shel Eshkol - (any one of the small bunches of grapes that branch of the large cluster) that has emptied (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)He declares it still subject to Tum'ah - as long as even one grape remains on it.

(c)And he applies exactly the same ruling to a stick of a date-palm (see Tos. Yom-Tov) that has emptied of dates.

14)

(a)R. Elazar ben Azaryah agrees with the Tana Kama, who issues the same ruling with sticks of legumes in general. He argues with regard to sticks of Pulin (large beans) and declares them Tahor however - since they are large, and no longer need the stick.

(b)The status he ascribes to the sticks of legumes which have one remaining legume on them is that - of a Shomer (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.

15)

(a)The Mishnah ascribes to the stalks of figs, dried figs, Kelusin (a specific species of legumes [see Tos. Yom-Tov]), and carobs the status of - a Shomer ('Mitam'in, Metam'in u'Mitztarfin').

(b)The Tana's reason for this ruling is - because sometimes they are eaten together with the fruit.

(c)R. Yossi adds the stalk of a gourd - because they are sometimes cooked together with the gourd.

(d)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.

16)

(a)The Shi'ur that the Mishnah ascribes to the stalks of ...

1. ... pears, small apples, quinces and crab-apples - is either whatever size they are or a Tefach (see Tiferes Yisrael).

2. ... (Greek) gourds is - a Tefach (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Rashash).

(b)The Tana Kama ascribes the same Shi'ur to a Kunras (or Kundas [a bitter vegetable that becomes sweet when cooked] see Tos. Yom-Tov). According to R. Elazar b'R. Tzadok - the Shi'ur is two Tefachim.

(c)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.

(d)The Tana ascribes to ...

1. ... the above stalks - the status of a Yad ('Mitam'in e'Metam'in ve'Lo Mitztarfin').

2. ... all other stalks - the status of something that is not subject to Tum'ah at all.