Mishnah 1
1)
(a)What does the Mishnah say about olive-leaves that one pickled (see Tos. Yom -Tov) together with the olives?
(b)Why is the fact that the owner pickled them together with the fruit not proof that he either intends to use them as a Yad or considers them a Shomer?
1)
(a)The Mishnah rules that olive-leaves that one pickled (see Tos. Yom -Tov) together with the olives - are Tahor.
(b)The fact that the owner pickled them together with the fruit is (not because he either intends to use them as a Yad or considers them a Shomer, but) - because it creates the impression that the olives were freshly-picked (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
2)
(a)The Tana now discusses K'shus shel Kishus and its Neitz. What is ...
1. ... K'shus shel Kishus?
2. ... Neitz of Kishus?
(b)The Tana Kama declares them Tahor (see Tos. Yom-Tov). What does R. Yehudah say?
(c)This might be because they cause the cucumber to look as if it has just been freshly-picked. What other reason is there to consider them a Shomer?
2)
(a)The Tana now discusses K'shus shel Kishus and its Neitz. The definition of ...
1. ... K'shus shel Kishus is - the hair that grows on cucumbers when they are still small.
2. ... Neitz of Kishus is - the flour-like substance that grows on its top.
(b)The Tana Kama declares them Tahor (see Tos. Yom-Tov). According to R. Yehudah - as long as the cucumber is lying in front of the merchant (for sale), they are subject to Tum'ah, because he is pleased that they are there [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).
(c)This might be because they cause the cucumber to look as if it has just been freshly-picked. Alternatively, it is - because they prevent the cucumber from becoming spoilt, on account ot the constant handling of the potential buyers.
Mishnah 2
3)
(a)What status does the Mishnah ascribe to all fruit-pits?
(b)In what way is a date-pit different? Why is that?
(c)What if it has already been removed from the date?
3)
(a)The Mishnah ascribe to all fruit-pits the status of a Yad (Mitam'os u'Metam'os [see Tiferes Yisrael]).
(b)A date-pit is different - inasmuch as it is also Mitztaref, as long as it is still moist (because it is fit to suck, and therefore considered Ochel) ...
(c)... even if it has already been removed from the date (see also Tiferes Yisrael).
4)
(a)What is the Chosal of a date?
(b)Why does it ...
1. ... combine with a dry date?
2. ... not combine with the date as long as it is still moist?
(c)In what way does this explanation force us to change the previous one?
4)
(a)The Chosal of a date is - the thin membrane surrounding the pit.
(b)It ...
1. ... combines with a dry date - because then it is that (and not the pit) which prevents the date from spoiling.
2. ... does not combine with the date as long as it is still moist - because then it is the pit and not the Chosal, that preserves it.
(c)This explanation forces us to change the previous one - in that in order to accomodate the word Lefichach (that introduces the distinction that we just made), we now need to ascribe the reason for the ruling by a pit to the fact that it preserves the fruit, rather than to the fact that it is edible (see also Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael).
5)
(a)Some have the text Chosam (instead of Chosal). What is Chosam?
(b)What does the Mishnah then mean? Why is the Chosam of a dry date Mitztaref, but not that of a moist one (see Tos. Yom-Tov)?
(c)On what grounds do we reject this text?
5)
(a)Some have the text Chosam (instead of Chosa'). This is - the part of the grape and the date that seals the hole on top of it and in which the stalk grows.
(b)The reason that it is Mitztaref when the fruit is dry but not when it is moist is because - once it is dry (a sign that it is fully-ripe), the Chosam is fit to eat with the fruit, but not as long as it is still moist (Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)We reject this text however - on the grounds that it is unconnected with the Reisha of the Mishnah, and the word Lefichach is therefore redundant (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).
6)
(a)What does the Mishnah say about a date-pit half of which protrudes from a half-eaten date, whilst the other half remains inside the segment that has not been eaten?
(b)What sort of date is the Tana talking about?
6)
(a)The Mishnah rules that in the case of a date-pit half of which protrudes from a half-eaten date, whilst the other half remains inside the segment that has not been eaten - the half that is next to the uneaten date combines with the date, whereas the half that protrudes does not
(b)The Tana is talking about a moist date (See Tos. Yom-Tov).
7)
(a)And what does the Tana say about a bone half of which protrudes from a half-eaten piece of meat, whilst the other half remains inside the piece that has not been eaten?
(b)What does R. Yishmael (or R. Shimon) say about a case where the meat does not surround the bone? How much meat must there be for the entire segment of bone to be considered a Shomer?
(c)What do the Chachamim say?
(d)Like Si'ah, Eizov and Koranis. If Koranis is a savory plant, what is Si'ah?
(e)Like whom is the Halachah?
7)
(a)The Tana issues exactly the same ruling with regard to a bone half of which protrudes from a half-eaten piece of meat, whilst the other half remains inside the piece that has not been eaten.
(b)R. Yishmael (or R. Shimon) maintains that in a case where the meat does not surround the bone, the entire segment of bone is nevertheless considered a Shomer - provided there is sufficient meat to surround it like a ring to the thickness of an Areiv-thread (used for weaving).
(c)According to the Chachamim - the section of bone that is covered is Mitztaref, whereas the section that is not covered is not Mitztaref.
(d)Like Si'ah, Eizov and Koranis. Koranis is a savory plant; Si'ah is - a species of Eizov (hyssop).
(e)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.
Mishnah 3
8)
(a)What does the Mishnah say about part of a pomegranate or a watermelon that has melted?
(b)What if the part that has melted is in the middle, and is surrounded on all sides by the fruit?
(c)What distinction does the Tana draw between the Pitma (the large protuberance at one end of a pomegranate) and the Netz (the flowery substance that surrounds it)?
8)
(a)the Mishnah rules that part of a pomegranate or a watermelon that has melted - does not combine with the fruit to make up the Shi'ur (see Tiferes Yisrael) ...
(b)... and the same will apply if the part that has melted is in the middle, and is surrounded on all sides by the fruit (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael).
(c)The Tana rules that the Pitma (the large protuberance at one end of a pomegranate) - is Mitztaref, whereas the Netz (the greenish flowery substance that surrounds it) - is not (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
9)
(a)R. Eliezer compares the Masrek to the Netz. What is the Masrek?
(b)What is his reason for differentiating between them?
(c)What does the Tana Kama say about that (see Tos. Yom-Tov)?
(d)Like whom is the Halachah?
9)
(a)R. Eliezer compares the Masrek - a cup-shape piece that surrounds the Netz, with prongs shaped like a fork, to the Netz.
(b)The reason for differentiating between the Pitma and the Masrek is - because whereas the removal of the former will reveal the fruit (a sign that it is a Shomer), the removal of the latter will not.
(c)According to the Tana Kama - the Masrek is considered part of the Pitma (Tos. Yom-Tov).
(d)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.
Mishnah 4
10)
(a)What status does the Tana Kama ascribe to all peels?
(b)R. Yehudah lists three layers of peel of an onion. What does he say about ...
1. ... the inner peel?
2. ... the middle peel?
3. ... the outer peel?
(c)What do the Chachamim say about this?
(d)Like whom is the Halachah?
10)
(a)The Tana Kama ascribes to all peels the status of - Shomer.
(b)R. Yehudah lists three layers of peel of an onion. He rules that ...
1. ... the inner peel - is always Mitztaref (even if it is holed [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).
2. ... the middle peel - is Mitztaref only if it is complete.
3. ... the outer peel - is never Mitztaref (even if it is complete [see Tiferes Yisrael]).
(c)The Chachamim hold that all peels are Mitztaref.
(d)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim (see also Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael).
Mishnah 5
11)
(a)What does the Mishnah say about vegetables or meat that one begins cutting up prior to cooking?
(b)What if the pieces are still partially joined?
(c)And what if one cuts them up in order to pickle them, cook them or to place them on the table?
(d)Why is the Din different with regard to the three latter cases than it is to cooking in the Reisha?
11)
(a)The Mishnah rules that vegetables or meat that one begins cutting up prior to cooking - are not considered joined ...
(b)... even if the pieces are still partially joined (technically).
(c)But if one cuts them up in order to pickle them, cook them or to place them on the table - they are considered still joined ...
(d)... because, unlike cooking, which causes the pieces to disintegrate, in these two cases the owner knows that they will remain joined.
12)
(a)The Tana also includes Lish'lok in this list. What does Lish'lok mean?
(b)On what grounds is it different than Levashel?
(c)What does the Mishnah say with regard to the latter, in a case where one began separating one piece from the other?
(d)What is the significance of the Tana's statement The food that one began to take apart is not joined?
12)
(a)The Tana also includes Lish'lok - to cook well [see Tos. Yom-Tov]) in this list.
(b)It is different than Levashel - because one knows that cooking excessively, causes the pieces to stick together.
(c)The Mishnah rules that, with regard to the latter, if one began separating one piece from the other - they are considered detached.
(d)When the Tana states that the food that one began to take apart is not joined, he means that - only the one item is considered detached, but not all the others.
13)
(a)What does the Tana mean when he speaks about ...
1. ... Egozim she'Amanan?
2. ... Betzalim she'Chamaran?
(b)What common ruling does he issue with regard to them?
(c)To consider one of the items no longer joined to the string, what is the minimum one must do to...
1. ... the nut?
2. ... the onion?
(d)Up to what point are the shells of nuts and almonds considered a Shomer?
13)
(a)When the Tana speaks about ...
1. ... Egozim she'Amanan and ...
2. ... Betzalim she'Chamaran, he means - nuts and onions that one cuts and threads on to a rope or a piece of string, which one subsequently hangs on the wall, in order to store them (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(b)He rules that - by virtue of the string, they are all considered joined.
(c)To consider one of the items no longer joined to the string, the minimum one must do to the ...
1. ... nut is - to begin breaking it up.
2. ... onion is - to begin peeling it.
(d)The shells of nuts and almonds are considered a Shomer up to the point that - they are broken into small pieces (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
Mishnah 6
14)
(a)Up to what point does the Mishnah consider the shell of an egg a Shomer if the egg is ...
1. ... slightly cooked?
2. ... fully cooked?
(b)And what about a bone that contains marrow?
(c)A pomegranate peel is joined to the fruit. At which point, after cutting it in half, does the Tana no longer consider it joined?
14)
(a)The Mishnah consider the shell of an egg a Shomer if the egg is ...
1. ... slightly cooked - until such time as one cuts a small piece off (because then the partially-cooked egg will escape via the hole.
2. ... fully cooked - until it is broken into little fragments ...
(b)... and the same applies to a bone that contains marrow.
(c)A pomegranate peel is joined to the fruit. After cutting it in half, the Tana no longer considers it joined - once one strikes it with a cane to loosen the pits.
15)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses a Sh'lal ha'Kovsin and a Beged she'Tafur be'Kil'ayim. What is Sh'lal ha'Kovsin?
(b)In what regard does the Tana consider the former joined?
(c)On what grounds are they considered joined?
(d)If one begins to separate them, at which point are they considered separated?
(e)On what principle is this latter based?
15)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses a Sh'lal ha'Kovsin - different size clothes that the laundry-man ties together, and a Beged she'Tafur be'Kil'ayim.
(b)The Tana considers the former joined - with regard to Tum'ah (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...
(c)... because he needs them to be tied (to prevent the small sizes from getting lost).
(d)They are considered separated - as soon as one begins to separate them.
(e)This latter ruling is based on the principle - Ma'aseh (an act) Motzi mi'Yedei Ma'aseh (One act negates another act).
Mishnah 7
16)
(a)What distinction does the Mishnah draw between green vegetable leaves and white ones?
(b)Why is that?
(c)What does Rebbi Elazar ben Azaryah say about the white leaves of ...
1. ... a cabbage?
2. ... a lettuce?
(d)What is his reason
(e)Like whom is the Halachah?
16)
(a)The Mishnah rules that - green vegetable leaves combine with the vegetable to make up the Shi'ur Ochel, whereas white ones do not ...
(b)... because they are no longer edible.
(c)Rebbi Elazar ben Azaryah - disagrees with the Tana Kama's ruling with regard to the white leaves of ...
1. ... a cabbage and of ...
2. ... a lettuce ...
(d)... because, even though they are not edible, they serve as a Shomer for the rest of the vegetable.
(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.
Mishnah 8
17)
(a)The Tana now discusses onion-leaves and b'nei Betzalim. What are 'b'nei Betzalim'?
(b)What distinction does he draw between whether they contain liquid or they are hollow?
(c)What does he also say about...
1. ... a sponge-like bread without holes?
2. ... a sponge-like bread with holes?
3. ... calf-meat that expanded through cooking?
4. ... the meat of an old animal that shrunk through cooking?
17)
(a)The Tana now discusses onion-leaves and b'nei Betzalim - the middle stem from which the onion grows.
(b)He rules that if they contain liquid - they combine to make the Shi'ur Ochel; whereas if they are hollow - they do not, and must therefore be compressed in order to determine the Shi'ur.
(c)He also rules that ...
1. ... a sponge-like bread without holes - is measured for Shi'ur Ochel as it is, whereas ...
2. ... if it has holes - it must be compressed.
3. ... both calf-meat that expanded through cooking and ...
4. ... the meat of an old animal that shrunk through cooking - are measured for Shi'ur Ochel as they are.
Mishnah 9
18)
(a)What is the basic difference (status-wise) between a vegetable that grows in a plant-pot that has a hole and one that grows in one that does not?
(b)On what condition will even the latter be considered attached to the ground?
18)
(a)The basic difference (status-wise) between a vegetable that grows in a plant-pot that has a hole and one that grows in one that does not is that - the former is considered attached to the ground, whereas the latter is not.
(b)Even the latter will be considered attached to the ground however - if it protrudes from the sides of the pot.
19)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses a cucumber that grows in a pot without a hole. What is its status (Tum'ah-wise) once it has been watered)?
(b)What does the Tana Kama say, assuming the cucumber then expands to the point that it extends beyond the confines of the pot?
(c)What does R. Shimon say? On what grounds does he disagree with the Tana Kama?
(d)In which regard does he concede to him that the plant is Tahor?
(e)Like whom is the Halachah?
19)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses a cucumber that grows in a pot without a hole. Once it has been watered - it is subject to Tum'ah.
(b)Assuming the cucumber then expands to the point that it extends beyond the confines of the pot, the Tana Kama - declares it Tahor (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(c)R. Shimon disagrees - because since the cucumber was considered detached when it became Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah, it remains Tamei.
(d)He concedes however, that whatever grows from that time onwards and subsequently protrudes from the pot is Tahor (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.
Mishnah 10
20)
(a)What does the Mishnah rule with regard to vessels made of animal dung or earth?
(b)How about stone vessels?
(c)Why the difference?
20)
(a)The Mishnah rules that vessels made of animal dung or earth - do not render seeds that it contains Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah ...
(b)... stone vessels - do ...
(c)... because whereas the former allow the roots to grow through the base of the plant-pot into the ground, the latter do not.
21)
(a)What is the status (Tum'ah-wise) of a detached vegetable that becomes wet from the water in a plant-pot ...
1. ... without a hole?
2. ... with a hole?
(b)What is the reason for the latter ruling?
(c)What size hole renders the pot joined to the ground?
21)
(a)A detached vegetable that becomes wet from the water in a plant-pot ...
1. ... without a hole - becomes Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah.
2. ... with a hole - does not become Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah ...
(b)... because liquid is not Machshir a vegetable that is attached to the ground.
(c)The size hole that renders the pot attached to the ground is - one that is the size of a small root.
22)
(a)What does the Tana say about a pot that has no hole and that is filled to the top with earth?
(b)Why is that?
(c)What does he compare it to?
22)
(a)The Tana rules that if a pot that has no hole is filled to the top with earth - then it is considered attached to the ground, with regard to both the vegetables that are growing inside it and any water that it contains ...
(b)... because it is open to the air on all four sides.
(c)He compares it to - a board which has no sides (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
Hadran alach 'Zeisim she'Kevashan'
