[53a - 48 lines; 53b - 36 lines]
1)[line 6]דנתקלD'NISKAL- he tripped/stumbled
2)[line 16]שהבאיש את מימיוSHE'HIV'ISH ES MEIMAV- it caused the well water to become putrid
3)[line 37]ונחית לעומקא דדינאV'NACHIS L'UMKA D'DINA- he delves down to the deep meaning of the laws
4)[last line]הוה נפיל לביראHAVAH NAFAL V'KAI- it would have fallen and stood up
53b----------------------------------------53b
5)[line 2]שור בכור דלא פריק ליהSHOR BECHOR D'LO FARIK LEI (BECHOR BEHEMAH TEHORAH)
(a)The Kedushah of Bechor rests on every firstborn male of an ox, goat or sheep when it comes out of its mother's womb. Nevertheless, there is a Mitzvah for a person to sanctify it himself (Erchin 29a, based on Devarim 15:19). He must then give it to a Kohen; it may not be redeemed.
(b)If the animal has no Mum (blemish), the Kohen must bring it as a Korban during its first year. After its blood and Emurim (see Background to Yevamos 7:8 and 100:9) are offered on the Mizbe'ach, its meat is eaten in Yerushalayim during the following two days and the intervening night. If the animal has or develops a Mum, it must be slaughtered and eaten during its first year. If it developed a Mum after the first year, it must be slaughtered and eaten within thirty days. The Kohen can give it away or sell it, even to a non-Kohen. However, it may not be sold in a meat market or weighed in the usual manner. It may not be redeemed with money.
(c)Now that there is no Beis ha'Mikdash, a Kohen must care for a Bechor until it develops a Mum. Alternatively, he can sell it, even if it has no Mum, to a non-Kohen, who may eat it after it develops a Mum. It may not be sold in a meat market in the usual manner, or bought in order to resell for a profit (Sefer ha'Chinuch #393, #445). The Chachamim penalized a person who intentionally inflicts a Mum in a Bechor, that the animal may never be slaughtered (Bechoros 34a).
6)[line 11]ארבעה דבריםARBA'AH DEVARIM (CHOVEL)
(a)A person who wounds his fellow Jew (Chovel b'Chaveiro), is obligated to pay five payments, i.e. four payments in addition to Nezek, which one must always pay for damages. The five payments are:
1.NEZEK (Damages; also known as Pegam) - If one causes damage to the person of a fellow Jew, such as blinding his eye, cutting off his hand or breaking his foot, Beis Din assesses the damages that he caused based on the depreciation such damages would cause to a slave on the slave market.
2.TZA'AR (Pain) - The payment for pain inflicted is evaluated as the amount that the injured person would be ready to pay to have the identical injury inflicted in a painless manner (Bava Kama 85a). Pain payments are due even if no other damage (other than the pain) was inflicted - for example, if one person burned another's fingernail without causing a wound (Mishnah, ibid.). The amount of this payment ultimately depends upon the physical and financial situation of the injured person (RAMBAM Hilchos Chovel u'Mazik 2:9).
3.RIPUY (Medical expenses) - He must pay all medical costs until the injured person heals completely from his wounds.
4.SHEVES (Unemployment) - He must pay unemployment for the duration of the injured person's recovery. Sheves is evaluated as if the injured person is protecting a pumpkin patch from birds, a job that requires only minimal exertion and can be accomplished even by an invalid. (The money that the injured person loses due to his permanent handicap, though, is covered by the Nezek payment.)
5.BOSHES (Shame) - Boshes is evaluated based on the status of the person who caused the embarrassment and the status of person who was embarrassed. According to most opinions, the shame caused by an undignified person is greater than the shame caused by an average or dignified person (YERUSHALMI Kesuvos 3:8, RASHI to Bava Kama 83b, BARTENURA to Kesuvos 3:7, RAMBAM Hilchos Chovel u'Mazik 3:1, TUR Choshen Mishpat 420 and SHULCHAN ARUCH CM 420:24). Others rule that the shame caused by an average person is greater than the shame cause by an undignified or a dignified person (RASHI to Kesuvos 40a. The RAN rules that this is the Halachah in all cases except for Ones and Pituy, which follow the previous opinion). With regard to a person who was embarrassed, shame caused to a dignified person is greater than the shame that an average or undignified person suffers (Bava Kama ibid.).
(b)The owner of an animal that wounds a person is only required to pay for the damages (Nezek), as is learned from the verse, "[v']Ish [Ki Yiten Mum] ba'Amiso, [Ka'asher Asah, Ken Ye'aseh Lo]" - "[And if] a man [causes a blemish] in his neighbor; just as he has done, so shall it be done to him" (Vayikra 24:19). The Gemara (Bava Kama 26a, 33a) learns from this verse that only people are required to pay the extra four payments.
7)[line 12]כופרKOFER
(a)If a person's Shor ha'Mu'ad kills another person, the bull is put to death by stoning (see Background to Bava Kama 40:28) and the owner of the bull is Chayav Misah b'Yedei Shamayim. The owner can redeem himself by paying "Kofer" to the children or heirs of the dead man, as the verse states, "v'Im Kofer Yushas Alav, v'Nasan Pidyon Nafsho" (Shemos 21:30). If the bull intended to kill another animal, and instead killed a person, the bull is not put to death, and the Amora'im argue whether the owner must pay Kofer (Bava Kama 43b-44a).
(b)If a Shor Tam kills a person, although the bull is put to death, the owner does not have to pay Kofer according to most Tana'im. (According to Rebbi Yosi ha'Gelili though - Bava Kama 26a - a Tam does pay Chatzi Kofer when it kills a person.) The amount paid as Kofer is either the owner's value (if he were sold as a slave), or the dead man's value, according to the various opinions of the Tana'im (Bava Kama 27a).
(c)The Gemara (Bava Kama 40a) entertains two possibilities with regard to the nature of Kofer:
1."Kufra Kaparah," meaning that the payment of Kofer serves as an atonement for the owner of the Shor ha'Mu'ad (like a Korban atones for one's sins).
2."Kufra Mamona," meaning that Kofer is a monetary compensation that the owner of the Shor ha'Mu'ad pays to the heirs of the dead man for "damaging" the dead man by taking his life. (According to this view, it is clear that the amount of the Kofer is equal to the value of the man that was killed - Bava Kama 40a.) It is through delivering this monetary compensation that the owner of the bull gains atonement.
(d)If one's Shor ha'Mu'ad kills another person's Nochri slave (Eved Kena'ani - see Background to Kidushin 22:16), instead of paying Kofer, the owner of the bull must pay 30 Shekalim (Sela'im) to the slave's master. This payment does not vary with the value of the slave that was killed, and it is therefore deemed a "Kenas" (see Background to Bava Kama 74:5). Therefore, if the owner of the bull admits in court that his bull killed a slave (without having been found guilty through the testimony of witnesses), he is exempt from paying the 30 Shekalim.
8)[line 12]ושלשים של עבדSHELOSHIM SHEL EVED
See previous entry, (a) and (d).
9)[line 13]לענין כלים ושור פסולי המוקדשיןL'INYAN KELIM V'SHOR PESULEI HA'MUKDASHIN- with regard to [being obligated to pay for damages done to] vessels, and to an ox that had been sanctified but that was then redeemed because it became blemished and unfit to be offered
10)[line 22]לבעלים מטפלין בנבילה הוא דאתאLI'VE'ALIM METAPLIN BA'NEVEILAH, HU D'ASA- the verse comes to teach that the owner of the dead ox (the Nizak) is responsible for the carcass (i.e. the Mazik deducts the value of the carcass from what he must pay to the Nizak)
11)[line 23]בתר דבעיא הדר פשטהBASAR D'BA'AYA, HADAR PASHTAH- after he asked [the question], he then answered it
12)[last line]או לרבות את הכלים'O' L'RABOS ES HA'KELIM- the word "or" in the verse is intended to include [damage done to] vessels (in the liability of the owner of the Bor)