1)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses the parts of an animal that combine to make up the Shi'ur of Tum'as Ochlin - but not Tum'as Neveilos.

(b)The difference between this Mishnah and the Mishnah in the fourth Perek (Beheimah ha'Maksheh) regarding the Din of a Shilyah is that - the Tana there learned that it is subject neither to Tum'as Ochlin nor Tum'as Neveilos.

(c)The Shi'ur of Tum'as Ochlin is - a k'Beitzah.

2)

(a)According to what we just learned, this Perek ought to have followed Beheimah ha'Maksheh, and the Tana interrupted the sequence with four Perakim. Besides that a nine-month Sh'lil requires Shechitah, he also learned that - it is subject to Oso ve'es B'no, thereby causing him to follow on with Perek Oso ve'es B'no.

(b)And because he ended the latter Perek with the Din of 'Shechitah she'Einah Re'uyah', he followed it with 'Kisuy ha'Dam' (See Tosfos Yom Tov), which he ruled, applies both to Chayah and Of - which he followed with 'Gid ha'Nasheh' - which in contrast, applies to Chayah and not to Of.

(c)And in connection with Gid ha'Nasheh, he discussed - a thigh that has been cooked together with the Gid ha'Nasheh, prompting him to follow with 'Kol ha'Basar', before returning to the Din of Tum'as Ochlin and Neveilah.

3)

(a)The skin, which is not eaten, combines with the Basar to make up a k'Beitzah regarding Tum'as Ochlin - because it is a Shomer (it protects it).

(b)We learn this from the Pasuk (in connection with Hechshar Tum'as Ochlin) " ...al Kol Zera Zera asher Yizare'a" (See Tosfos Yom Tov DH 'Mitztarfin') - and seeds, such as wheat, barley and lentils are generally taken out to plant together with their peels (which serve as a protection).

(c)Granted, the Pasuk there ends with the words "Tahor hu" - but that is because at that stage, it is referring to seeds that have not yet become Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah; that is why it goes on to state "ve'Chi Yutan Mayim al Zera, Tamei hu".

(d)Even though the gravy is also not generally eaten, that is when it is in liquid form, whereas the Tana is talking about congealed gravy, that one often eats together with the meat, and which consequently combines with it to make up the Shi'ur of Tum'as Ochlin.

4)

(a)Following skin and gravy, the Tana continues with 'Kiyfah' - spices (See Tosfos Yom Tov), Allal and bones (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)'Allal' might be the nerves in the spinal cord and the neck - which are wide, white and hard.

(c)Alternatively - it might mean bits of Basar which one cuts away, leaving it attached to the skin.

(d)Besides the fact that all the items on this list combine to make up the Shi'ur of Tum'as Ochlin (but not Neveilah), they also have in common the fact that - they are not edible on their own.

5)

(a)The first two of the last three items on the list are nerves (Gidin [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) and horns. The third is - hooves.

(b)Bearing in mind that horns and hoofs are too hard to eat, even together with Basar, the Tana is referring to - the area next to the Basar, which bleeds when it is cut.

(c)As already mentioned, all the above items do not combine to make up Tum'as Neveilos. The Shi'ur of Tum'as Neveilos is - a k'Zayis.

6)

(a)We learn from the Pasuk in Shemini "ha'Noge'a be'Nivlasah", that, regarding Tum'as Neveilos, skin does not combine with the Basar to make up the Shi'ur. This teaches us that - a Shomer does not combine with the Basar to make up Tum'as Neveilos.

(b)Kiyfah and Rotev do not combine because they are not of the species of Neveilah, and Alal, Gidin, and Karnayim - because they are not considered Basar.

7)

(a)The same Din will apply to a Yisrael who Shechts a non-Kasher animal (See Tosfos Yom Tov) on behalf of a Nochri, and the animal is 'Mefarcheses' - shuddering.

(b)It too - is subject to Tum'as Ochlin but not to Tum'as Neveilos.

(c)The Mishnah speaks specifically about a Yisrael who Shechted it. If a Nochri performed the Shechitah - he would not render the Basar a food, since the Shechitah of a Nochri is not effective.

(d)Despite the fact that the animal is of a non-Kasher species, it is considered a food when a Yisrael Shechts it - since his Shechitah is effective in the case of a Kasher animal.

8)

(a)From the Pasuk there "ve'Chi Yamus min ha'Beheimah", we learn that - once the animal dies, it because subject to Tum'as Neveilos, even if it has been Shechted by a Nochri.

(b)A 'Gist'ra' is an animal whose head has been severed (rendering it a Neveilah me'Chayim [See Tosfos Yom Tov]), which is therefore Metamei Tum'as Neveilos ...

(c)... even if it continues to shudder after its head has been removed.

9)

(a)When the Tana says 'Ribah Letamei Tum'as Ochlin mi'Mah she'Ribah Tum'as Neveilos', he means that - if one glances at the cases in the current Mishnah one will see that there are more that are subject to Tum'as Ochlin than to Tum'as Neveilos.

(b)According to Rebbi Yehudah, Allal that is gathered in one place renders one Chayav. According to Rebbi Yehudah - Allal is definitely means Basar that one cut away, leaving it attached to the skin.

(c)The person is Chayav - Kareis if he touches it (See Tosfos Yom Tov) and either enters the Beis-ha'Mikdash or eats Kodshim.

(d)Rebbi Yehudah's reason is - because, since the owner cut away a lot of Basar, he has rendered it Chashuv.

(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

10)

(a)The Tana Kama rules that the skin of ...

1. ... a human being (See Tosfos Yom Tov) and of ...

2. ... a (tame species of) Chazir - is Metamei like the flesh - and is therefore Metamei whoever touches (or carries) it.

(b)The reason for these and subsequent rulings is - because it is soft (and [except for that of a human-being] edible.

(c)Rebbi Yossi adds - a wild Chazir (a boar) to the Tana Kama's latter ruling.

(d)The basis of their Machlokes is - whether its skin is considered soft or not).

(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

11)

(a)The first three cases that the Mishnah adds to the list are the skin of a soft Chatoteres of a camel, the skin of a tender calf and the skin of the P'rasos. The ...

1. ... 'Chatoteres' of a camel is - its hump.

2. ... 'P'rasos' (See Tosfos Yom Tov) - are the calves of the leg (See also Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)The skin of ...

1. ... a camel's hump is called soft - up until the time it begins to carry loads.

2. ... a calf is considered tender - as long as it is still suckling.

(c)The next three items on the list are the skin of the Beis ha'Boshes - (the womb), the skin of a Sh'lil (a baby that is found inside the mother) and the skin below the tail.

(d)When the Tana says 'below the tail', he means - the part of the tail that is close to the body (and that does not contain hair).

12)

(a)The last four items on the list, according to the Tana Kama, are the skin of an Anakah (a hedgehog), of a Ko'ach (a chameleon), of a lizard, and of a Chomet - a snail ...

(b)... all of which are Sheratzim (rodents).

(c)Rebbi Yehudah maintains that the skin of a lizard - is no different than that of a weasel (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

13)

(a)With one exception, any of the above that is tanned becomes Tahor, and the same applies - if it has been spread out (See Tosfos Yom Tov) in order to tread on it (as the first part of the tanning process (See Tiferes Yisrael).

(b)The one exception is - the skin of humans ...

(c)... which Chazal decreed remains Tamei - to discourage people from using the skin of their deceased parents (See Tosfos Yom Tov) as carpets.

14)

(a)According to the Tana Kama, only the skin of the four listed Sheratzim are Tamei. Rebbi Yochanan ben Nuri says - that the same applies to the other four (mentioned in Shemini).

(b)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

15)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses a Beheimah or a Chayah that one is skinning, irrespective of whether it is a small species of animal or a large one. When the Tana says 'whether it is a Tehorah or a Teme'ah', he means - irrespective of whether the animal is Tamei (and the skinner is Tahor) or vice-versa.

(b)In other words - the Shi'ur Tum'ah is the same whether it is a matter of the person being Metamei the Tahor Basar or of the B'sar Neveilah being Metamei the person.

(c)If, when removing the skin is to manufacture ...

1. ... a mattress (or a carpet) - one tends to start skinning it from the head downwards though to the tail.

2. ... a flask - one removes the skin double (without making a cut down its length [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) starting from the neck.

16)

(a)The Shi'ur that the Tana now gives in the case of a mattress is 'K'dei Achizah' (the amount that one needs to hold it by - two Tefachim ...

(b)... since that gives it the Din of a Yad (a handle) which is considered part of the 'vessel' as regards Tum'ah.

(c)The equivalent Shi'ur in the case of the flask is - until one has reached the chest ...

(d)... since the chest is the most difficult section of the animal to skin, and up to that point the skin is considered attached to the Basar.

(e)Practically speaking, this means that - if one has removed two Tefachim of skin (no more, no less) in the former case, and the skin up to the chest in the latter, then touching it will transmit Tum'ah (See also Tosfos Yom Tov).

17)

(a)The Mishnah continues 'ha'Margil Kulo Chibur Litamei u'Letamei'. 'ha'Margil' means - that one skins it from the legs upwards.

(b)And the Tana is saying that - the skin transmits Tum'ah until it has all been removed ...

(c)... because one concludes the skinning with the chest, and until the skin of the chest has been removed, it is considered attached (as we explained earlier).

(d)Rebbi Yochanan ben Nuri rules that the skin of the neck is not considered attached (with regard to the current Halachah) - because it comes away automatically.

(e)The Chachamim maintain - that, unless the skin of the neck has been removed too, it transmits Tum'ah.

18)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses the case of the skin of a Neveilah that has a k'Zayis of flesh attached to it from which a 'Tziv' - a strand of flesh protrudes, or where a hair grows from the other side of the skin corresponding to where the flesh is.

(b)The Tana rules that someone who touches either of them - becomes Tamei.

(c)The hair is Metamei - because, since it protects the skin, it is a Shomer.

19)

(a)Someone who touches a piece of skin of a Neveilah containing two half-k'Zeisim of Basar does not become Tamei - because a. one cannot touch them both simultaneously (I am not sure why, depending on the distance between them) one cannot touch each half-k'Zayis with a different finger, and b. two touchings do not combine.

(b)Rebbi Yishmael renders him Tamei if he carries it - because, when all's said and done, he has carried a k'Zayis simultaneously.

(c)Rebbi Akiva nevertheless declares him Tahor - since the skin negates them.

(d)Rebbi Akiva therefore concedes that someone who is 'Masit' - (moves or carries) two half-k'Zeisim of Neveilah simultaneously becomes Tamei - if they have been stuck on to a splinter of wood (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(e)The Halachah is - like Rabbi Akiva.

20)

(a)A 'Kulyah' is - a bone that contains marrow.

(b)The open (with a hole) Kulya of a corpse and of Hekdesh, of a Neveilah and of a Sheretz, are all Metamei someone who touches them. The distinction that the Tana draws between the former two and the latter two is - where the Kulyah is closed, in which case, the former two are Metamei, whereas the latter two are not ...

(c)... and the same ruling applies to someone who carries them.

(d)The source for the stringency regarding the Din of the Neveilah is based on the Pasuk in Chukas "O be'Etzem Adam", which teaches us that - a bone of a Neveilah is Metamei both be'Maga and be'Masa.

21)

(a)The source of the same ruling by Hekdesh is - a Rabbinical decree because of 'Chashadei Kehunah' or 'Atzlei Kehunah' (See Tiferes Yisrael) ...

(b)... which pertains to Pigul and Tamei (and which they extended to Nosar [See also Tosfos Yom Tov]).

22)

(a)The basis of the lenient ruling regarding Neveilah and Sheretz is - the fact that their bones per se are not subject to Tum'ah.

(b)We learn the former from the Pasuk in Shemini "be'Nivlasah" - which we Darshen "be'Nivlasah", 've'Lo ba'Atzamos' (See also Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)They are not Metamei on the basis of the Din of 'Shomer' - because a Shomer only renders Tamei where it is possible to touch the article that the Shomer is guarding.

23)

(a)The size hole that is required for the person touching the Kulyah of a Neveilah or a Sheretz to become Tamei is - even a Mashehu.

(b)The Kulyah of - a Neveilah is also Metamei be'Masa.

(c)And we learn from the Torah's comparison between Maga and Masa (in two consecutive Pesukim) that - whatever is subject to Maga is subject to Masa, and whatever is not subject to Maga is not subject to Masa, either (See Tiferes Yisrael).

24)

(a)Besides a toad and a lizard (of the Sheratzim) - a snail lays eggs.

(b)Based on what we learned in the previous Mishnah, the egg of a Sheretz that contains a baby (See Tosfos Yom Tov & Tiferes Yisrael) is Metamei the person who touches it - provided it is holed.

25)

(a)The Tana discusses a mouse that is half flesh and half earth, which (like worms in a trash-heap) - is formed from the earth (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)The Tana Kama rules that someone who touches - the part that is already formed becomes Tamei, whereas someone who touches the part that is still earth remains Tahor.

(c)Rebbi Yehudah declares Tamei even someone who touches the earth - that is opposite the flesh (See Tiferes Yisrael).

(d)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

26)

(a)The Mishnah now discussesn aEiver - (a limb comprising flesh, nerves and bones) or Basar of an animal that are ...

(b)... Meduldalin - (largely detached, but that are still slightly attached [See Tosfos Yom Tov]).

(c)The Mishnah declares them both - subject to Tum'as Ochlin ...

(d)... after they have become Muchshar (through contact with a liquid [See Tosfos Yom Tov]), and - provided the owner has the intention of feeding them to a Nochri (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(e)They are subject both to being Metamei others and to becoming Tamei, but are not automatically Tamei because of Eiver min ha'Chai - since they are still attached to the live animal.

27)

(a)An Eiver min ha'Chai of a human that is completely detached - renders Tamei (even) Adam ve'Keilim like a Neveilah ...

(b)... as the Pasuk writes in Shemini "ve'Chi Yamus *min ha'Beheimah"* - implying even a part of the animal ...

(c)... and from "ve'Chi Yamus", we learn that - Basar min ha'Beheimah is not Tamei (since it is able to re-grow).

28)

(a)If the animal is Shechted - the Eiver is no longer subject to Tum'as Neveilah, but it may not be eaten.

(b)Based on the ...

1. ... principle - 'Ein Shechitah Osah Nipul' the Eiver and the Basar are not Tamei Tum'as Neveilah (Eiver min ha'Chai).

2. ... Pasuk - "u'Basar ba'Sadeh T'reifah Lo Socheilu", they may nevertheless not be eaten.

(c)Rebbi Meir maintains that they no longer require Hechsher le'Tum'ah - on account of the blood of the Shechitah, which renders them Muchshar.

29)

(a)In the event that the animal dies, the Mishnah rules that ...

1. ... the Basar ha'Meduldal requires Hechsher.

2. ... Eiver ha'Meduldal is subject to Tum'as Eiver min ha'Chai but not to Tum'as Neveilah.

(b)The latter does not become Neveilah (together with the rest of the animal) is - based on the principle 'Misah Osah Nipul' (as we learned earlier [See also Tosfos Yom Tov]).

(c)Like the Basar, the Eiver does not became Neveilah either. The difference between Eiver min ha'Chai and Eiver min ha'Neveilah is - regarding Basar that comes off them (which is Tahor in the former case, but Tamei in the latter).

30)

(a)The Tana concludes 'Divrei Rebbi Meir. Rebbi Shimon Metaher'. Rebbi Shimon cannot be referring to the last section of the Mishnah - since Mah Nafshach, the Eiver must be Tamei, either because of Eiver min ha'Chai (if 'Misah Osah Nipul') or because of Eiver min ha'Neveilah (if 'Ein Misah Osah Nipul').

(b)He must therefore be referring to - the Reisha ('ha'Eiver ve'ha'Basar ha'Meduldalin bi'Beheimah, Metam'in Tum'as Ochlin bi'Mekoman', on wich Rebbi Shimon says - Tahor ...

(c)... and he learns it from the Pasuk in Shemini "mi'Kol ha'Ochel asher Ye'achel" - which implies that it is specifically food that may be eaten (at least by a Nochri) that is subject to Tum'as Ochlin, but not Eiver and Basar ha'Meduldalin, which are forbidden (even to a Nochri) and which are therefore not considered food.

(d)The Halachah in both cases is - like Rebbi Meir.

31)

(a)The Tana rules that an Eiver and Basar ha'Meduldalin of a human-being who is still alive - are Tahor (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)He learns it from the Pasuk in Chukas "Adam ki Yamus" (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

32)

(a)In the event that he dies, Rebbi Meir declares the Basar, Tahor, and the Eiver - Tamei because of Eiver min ha'Chai, but not because of Eiver min ha'Meis.

(b)The latter ruling is based on the principle - 'Misah Osah Nipul' (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)As long as the Eiver is intact, it is Metamei - be'Maga, be'Masa and beOhel.

(d)If a k'Zayis Basar or a bone the size of a barley-grain comes off ...

1. ... it - it is Tahor.

2. ... an Eiver that came off a Meis - it is Tamei.

33)

(a)Rebbi Shimon maintains that, in the latter case - the Eiver is Tahor.

(b)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Meir (See Tosfos Yom Tov).