(Mishnah): If one vowed from dates, he is permitted date honey. If one vowed from Stavaniyos (bad grapes that do not ripen), he is permitted vinegar made from such grapes;

R. Yehudah ben Beseira says, whenever the name of the derivative is called on the source (e.g. the Torah calls dates 'Devash' - "Eretz Zeis Shemen u'Devash", if one vowed from [the source], he is forbidden even the derivative;

Chachamim permit.

(Gemara) Question: What is the reason of R. Yosi? (In Mishnah 4, if one vowed from milk, R. Yosi forbids Kum.)

Answer: The name of its source (milk) is on it (the derivative, i.e. Kum).

What is the reason of R. Yehudah ben Beseira [in our Mishnah]? The name of the derivative is called on [the source].

Presumably, R. Yehudah ben Beseira agrees to R. Yosi, but R. Yosi does not agree with R. Yehudah ben Beseira.

R. Yehudah ben Beseira agrees to R. Yosi - [he forbids due to] the name of the derivative [called on the source. Does he] not [forbid] all the more so [due to] the name of the source [on the derivative]?

R. Yosi does not agree with R. Yehudah ben Beseira. He said only [to forbid due to] the name of the source [on the derivative], but not [due to] the name of the derivative (on the source).

(Mishnah): If one vowed from wine, he is permitted apple wine. If one vowed from oil, honey or vinegar, he is permitted sesame (seed) oil, date honey and vinegar of bad grapes.

If one vowed from leeks, he is permitted Kaplutos (large leeks). If one vowed from Yerakos (vegetables in which we eat the plant itself, not just the seeds) he is permitted Yerakos of the field;

[All these are permitted] because they have accompanying names (they are not called Stam wine, oil...)

(Gemara): Our Mishnah discusses a place where they do not call Kaplutos 'leeks', but in a place where they call Kaplutos 'leeks', no (if one vowed from leeks, he is forbidden Kaplutos).

Rebuttal: Even in a place where they call Kaplutos 'leeks', [if one vowed from leeks], he is permitted Kaplutos.

If one vowed from Yerek he is permitted Yarkos Sadeh, because it is an accompanying name.

It was taught about this, if one vowed from Yerek in Shemitah (when people may not plant Yerek in gardens), he is forbidden Yarkos Sadeh.

R. Krispa taught in the name of R. Chanina ben Gamliel, who said the reason. This was said before Rebbi permitted to bring Yerek from Chutz la'Aretz to Eretz Yisrael, but after Rebbi permitted to bring Yerek from Chutz la'Aretz to the land, Shemitah is the same as other years (Yerek is always available).

(R. Yosi ben Chaninah): [Field] endives are important to have Tum'as Ochelim in Shemitah (for garden endives are not available).

Limitation: You say so before Rebbi permitted to bring Yerek from Chutz la'Aretz to Eretz Yisrael, but after Rebbi permitted to bring Yerek from Chutz la'Aretz to the land, Shemitah is the same as other years.

(Beraisa): We are not Me'aber (add a month to) the year in Shemitah (this prolongs the Isur to work the obligation) or in Motza'ei Shemitah (it prolongs the Isur of eating Chadash). If they were Me'aber, it is Me'uberes.

Limitation (R. Ze'ira citing R. Avahu): This is before Rebbi permitted to bring Yerek [and grain] from Chutz la'Aretz to Eretz Yisrael, but after Rebbi permitted to bring Yerek from Chutz la'Aretz to the land, Shemitah is the same as other years.

R. Meir used to say "v'Ish Ba mi'Ba'al Shalishah va'Yavei l'Ish ha'Elokim Lechem Bikurim..." - no place in Eretz Yisrael grows [Peros] earlier than Ba'al Shalishah, and only that species (barley) had grown.

He brought to the Navi - when did he bring? It was after the Omer (when Chadash is permitted), for it says "Ten la'Am v'Yochelu."

Question: Since the year needed to be Me'uberes (for even in Ba'al Shalishah, only barley had grown at the time of Pesach), why was Elisha not Me'aber it?

Answer: This teaches that they were years of famine, and everyone was anxiously awaiting to eat [Chadash] from the granaries.

(Beraisa): We are not Me'aber the year due to Tum'ah (if we think that people will not be able to become Tahor before Pesach).

R. Yehudah says, we are Me'aber, for we find that [Melech] Chizkiyah was Me'aber the year due to Tum'ah - "Ki Marbis ha'Am..." (Efrayim, Menasheh, Yisachar and Zevulun were Temei'im).

R. Shimon says, even though they were Me'aber Nisan, [it did not take effect, for] only Adar [can be] Me'ubar.

R. Shimon ben Yehudah citing R. Shimon says, Chizkiyah [was not Me'aber the year. Rather,] he made the Tzibur do Pesach Sheni. (This was wrong. If the Tzibur is Tamei, they offer Pesach Rishon b'Tum'ah!)

Some teach that we are Me'aber the year due to Tum'ah, and some teach that we are not Me'aber [due to Tum'ah].

The one who says that we are not Me'aber learns from "Ki Achlu Es ha'Pesach b'Lo ka'Chasuv."

Question: The one who says that we are Me'aber, how does he explain "Ki Achlu Es ha'Pesach..."? (What was improper?)

Answer: They were Me'aber Nisan, and only Adar [can be] Me'ubar.

This is like R. Simon bar Zavdi said - they found the skull of Arnon ha'Yevusi (David bought his granary to build the Beis ha'Mikdash there) under the Mizbe'ach. (The Kohanim and Klei Shares were Temei'im, and they needed extra time to be Metaher them. MALBIM Shmos 20:21 - Shlomo's Mizbe'ach was over domes, so the Tum'ah did not break through. In the days of Achaz, the Mizbe'ach and the domes were destroyed. When his son Chizkiyah sought to rebuild it, they found the skull.)

It says "Kol Levavo Hechin Lidrosh ha'Elokim Hash-m Elokei Avosav [v'Lo k'Taharas ha'Kodesh]" - R. Simon bar Zavdi and R. Shmuel bar Nachman [argued about this];

One of them said, even though he did [much] for Taharas ha'Kodesh, he did not fulfill Taharas ha'Kodesh (fully eradicate Tum'as idolatry);

The other said, even all the good deeds that he did, he did not fulfill Taharas ha'Kodesh (totally eradicate idolatry).

Question: It says "va'Yachelu b'Echad la'Chodesh ha'Rishon...", and it says "uv'Yom Shishah Asar la'Chodesh ha'Rishon Kilu" - in one day they could have eradicated all the idolatry there!

Answer (R. Idi): It was due to the [idolatrous] images of the Babylonians engraved [in the walls. YAD RAMAH, CHIDUSHEI HA'RAN (Sanhedrin 12a) - he was Me'aber due to Tum'as idolatry, which is Metamei b'Ohel. He knew that he would not be able to eradicate it before Pesach.)

Six things that Chizkiyah Melech Yehudah did, three of them, [Chachamim] agreed with him, and three they did not agree with him;

He dragged the bones of his father (Achaz, a Rasha, on ropes), and they agreed with him. (The disgrace atoned for him. Also, this chastised Resha'im);

He ground up the copper snake [that Moshe had made to save people bitten by snakes. People had started to worship it], and they agreed with him;

He hid the ledger of cures (astrologers had determined which images would be helpful for which sicknesses. One may not use them.)

About three they did not agree with him. He dammed up the waters of the upper Gichon [to cause problems for Sancheriv's army], and they did not agree with him;

He cut off the doors of the Heichal [and sent them to Sancheriv for tribute, hoping to dissuade his impending attack], and they did not agree with him. (Regarding both of these, he should have relied on Hash-m's promise to save Yerushalayim);

He was Me'aber Nisan in Nisan, and they did not agree with him.

We are not Me'aber the year before Rosh Hashanah. If they were Me'aber it, it is not Me'ubar.

In pressed circumstances, they permitted to be Me'aber after Rosh Hashanah immediately. Even so, only Adar is Me'ubar (a second Adar is added; we do not add any other month).

Rebbi says, [Rosh Chodesh] Nisan was never Me'ubar (i.e. there was never 30 days in the previous month, i.e. Adar (or Adar Sheni in a leap year).

Question (Mishnah): If the month came in its time (the 30th of Adar was Mekudash to be Rosh Chodesh Nisan, they brought Korbanos from the new Chetzi-Shekalim... This shows that sometimes this occurred!)

Answer: [The Mishnah teaches the law] if it comes [in its time. However,] it did not [ever] come.

(Rav): [Rosh Chodesh] Tishrei was never Me'ubar.

Question (Mishnah): If the month (Elul before Shemitah) was Me'ubar (Rosh Hashanah cancels loans. This shows that sometimes this occurred!)

Answer: [The Mishnah teaches the law] if it was [Me'ubar. However,] it was not [ever].

Question: When they were Mekadesh the year (i.e. declared Rosh Chodesh Tishrei, when the Sanhedrin was relocated) in Usha, on the first day [of Rosh Hashanah], R. Yishmael bei R. Yochanan ben Brokah passed (in front of the Aron, i.e. he was Shali'ach Tzibur) and said like R. Yochanan ben Nuri (in Musaf, he said Malchuyos in the Brachah of Kedushas ha'Shem);

R. Shimon ben Gamliel (the Nasi) said 'we did not do so [when the Sanhedrin was] in Yavneh.'

On the second day, R. Chananyah ben R. Yosi ha'Gelili passed (in front of the Aron) and said like R. Akiva (he said Malchuyos in the Brachah of Kedushas ha'Yom);

R. Shimon ben Gamliel: We did so in Yavneh.

Summation of question: it says that they were Mekadesh [the year, and there was] the first [day] and the second (i.e. Elul was full)!

Answer #1 (R. Ba citing Rebbi): [There was only one day of Rosh Hashanah. The Beraisa discusses the first year [that they were in Usha] and the second year.

Rejection: It says 'the first day' and 'the second day'!

Answer #2 (R. Ze'orah citing Rav Chisda): That year, they erred (they declared the 29th of Elul to be Rosh Hashanah. They realized their mistake, and fixed the next day, the 30th, to be Rosh Hashanah.)

Suggestion: If they were Mekadesh [the month] before its time or after Iburo one day, perhaps it is Me'ubar!

Rejection: "Osam" - they (when they were Mekudash in the proper time) are Mo'adai. These (when they were not Mekudash in the proper time) are not Mo'adai;

Before its time is day 29. After Iburo is day 32.

Question: What is the source that we are Me'aber the year for people from Chutz la'Aretz who already started to come and still did not reach their place?

Answer: "Va'Ydaber Moshe Es Mo'adei Hash-m El Bnei Yisrael" - make the Mo'ados [at a time] that all Yisrael will be able to fulfill them.

Limitation (R. Shmuel bar Nachman): This is only if they reached the Pras river. (If not, we are not Me'aber for them.)

Note: The last day to be Me'aber is Adar 29, 14 or 15 days before Erev Pesach. This suffices to reach Yerushalayim, just like all can return from Yerushalayim to the Pras within two weeks after Sukos ends (only after this we request rain - Ta'anis 1:3)! According to Abaye (Bava Metzi'a 28a), many people going together can travel day and night in caravans, and three days suffice! It seems that the problem is crossing the Pras. ME'IRI (Ta'anis 10a) says that when it increases due to rain, it is impossible to cross it. (Also melting snow swells it - Shabbos 65b.) From January until March, it becomes a kilometer wide, and it flows about 120 kilometers (70 miles) an hour - R. Yakov Gershon Weiss, Shabbos Kodesh (Yated Ne'eman Vayishlach 5765) p.32. There is no fixed date when it returns to normal.) If we add a month, Pesach will be around late April, and they can cross two weeks before Pesach (PF).

We are Me'aber the year only in Yehudah. If it was made Me'ubar in Galil, it is Me'ubar;

R. Chananyah Ish Ono testified that if they cannot be Me'aber in Yehudah, they can be Me'aber in Galil.

We are not Me'aber the year in Galil [unless there is Ones]. If they were Me'aber, it is Me'uberes.

We are not Me'aber the year in Chutz la'Aretz. If they were Me'aber, it is not Me'uberes.

Limitation: This is when they could be Me'aber in Eretz Yisrael, but if they cannot be Me'aber in Eretz Yisrael, they are Me'aber in Chutz la'Aretz.

Yirmeyah was Me'aber outside of Eretz Yisrael. Yechezkel was Me'aber in Chutz la'Aretz. Baruch [ben Neriyah, R. Yirmeyah's Talmid] was Me'aber in Chutz la'Aretz.

Chananyah, R. Yehoshua's nephew, was Me'aber in Chutz la'Aretz. Rebbi sent to him three letters via R. Yitzchak and R. Nasan;

In one of them it said 'to Kedushas Chananyah.' In one of them it said 'the kids (budding Chachamim) that you left behind became adult goats (grew and surpassed you; you are no longer greater than all Chachmei Eretz Yisrael). In one of them it said 'if you will not accept on yourself [to observe the festivals according to Chachmei Eretz Yisrael], go to the Midbar of Atad, and you will slaughter (your Korbanos outside the Mikdash) and Nechunyon (who established a Mizbe'ach in Mitzrayim and offered there) will throw [the blood].

[They gave to him] the first [letter], and he honored them (informed people that they are great Chachamim. [They gave to him] the second, and he honored them; the third, he wanted to disgrace them.

(R. Yitzchak and R. Nasan): You cannot [disgrace us], for you already honored us!

R. Yitzchak rose and read 'it says in the Torah "these are Mo'adei Chananyah, R. Yehoshua's nephew."'

[Those present]: "Mo'adei Hash-m" [is written]! He told them, for us (it is written so. If you follow R. Chananyah, they are not Mo'adei Hash-m.)

R. Nasan rose and completed [the Drashah]. "Ki mi'Bavel Tetzei Sorah u'Devar Hash-m mi'Nehar Pekod."

[Those present]: "Ki mi'Tziyon Tetzei Sorah u'Devar Hash-m mi'Yerushalayim" [is written]! He told them, for us (it is written so. Therefore, R. Chananyah's Ibur Shanah is invalid.)

R. Chananyah went to R. Yehudah ben Beseira in Netzivin [to complain. R. Yehudah] told him, follow them (Chachmei Eretz Yisrael), follow them!

R. Chananyah: Do I not know what [kind of Chachamim] I left there (in Eretz Yisrael)? Who says that they are Chachamim to calculate [Tekufos, to know when we must be Me'aber the year] like me?!

R. Yehudah: Since this one says [perhaps] they are not Chachamim like me, should we heed him?! Since they say that they are Chachamim to calculate, we heed them!

[R. Yehudah ben Beseira] rose and rode on a horse [to inform people that the year is not Me'ubar. Places] that he reached, he reached. Where he did not reach, they conducted mistakenly (they did not observe Pesach in the right month).

It is written "v'El Yeser Ziknei ha'Golah" - Hash-m said, Chachamim of Chutz la'Aretz are very dear to Me. [Even so], a small group of [Chachmei] Eretz Yisrael is dearer to Me than a Great Sanhedrin in Chutz la'Aretz.

Question: It is written "vehe'Charash veha'Masger Elef" (these were Chachamim exiled to Bavel; when they opened their mouths, all others were like deaf-mutes), and you say so (that Chachmei Chutz la'Aretz are less than Chachmei Eretz Yisrael)?!

Answer: R. Berachiyah citing R. Chelbo and Rabanan [argued about this]. R. Berachiyah says, he'Charash Elef and ha'Masger Elef (they are different levels of Chachamim; 1000 of each were exiled);

Rabanan say, there were 1000 in all.

(R. Berachiyah citing R. Chelbo): "[He'Charash veha'Masger] are Chachamim;

(Rabanan): They are officers (appointed over workers. According to them, Chachmei Eretz Yisrael are dearer.

R. Hoshayah, when he would accept witnesses [who saw the new moon] in Ein Tav, he would tell them 'know how much testimony comes out of your mouths! How much rental of houses comes out of your mouths!" (Based on you, Sheluchim will inform people of the new month, and tenants [who paid for the month] lose a day (for you say that today begins the next month)!'

(R. Avina): If [he wants to warn them] so [much, he should tell them that even capital cases [depend on their testimony! If a girl (Arusah) is three years and one day, one who had Bi'ah with her is stoned! (If not for their testimony, she is only three, and it is not considered Bi'ah.)

If Beis Din decided to be Me'aber [the year], and one had Bi'ah with her, he is not stoned.

(R. Avin): "Ekra lEi'lokim Elyon la'Kel Gomer Alai" - if a girl (born in Adar) was three years and one day, and Beis Din decided to be Me'aber the year, her Besulim return. If not (they were not Me'aber), her Besulim do not return.

(Mishnah): If one vowed from cabbage, he is forbidden Aspargus (a type of cabbage). If one vowed from Aspargus, he is permitted (other types of) cabbage;

If one vowed from Grisin (a bean dish), he is forbidden Mikpah (porridge of beans or grain that contains garlic); R. Yosi permits.

If one vowed from Mikpah, he is permitted Grisin. From Mikpah, he is forbidden garlic; R. Yosi permits (even garlic).

If one vowed from garlic, he is permitted Mikpah.

(Gemara) Question: What is R. Yosi's reason?

Answer: The name of its source is on it. (It is called Mikpah of Grisin; it is not called Stam Grisin.)

Consequence: According to R. Yosi, if one vowed from wine, he is permitted Koniton (scented wine, for it is called by the name of the fragrances).

]The Mishnah said that if one vowed] from Mikpah, he is permitted Grisin. This is if it is mostly beans. (RASHBA)

Question: [If so, similarly,] from Mikpah, he is forbidden garlic - is this if it is mostly garlic?! (One does not put so much garlic in porridge! - TAL TORAH)

Answer: Here (regarding garlic, which is always added) it depends on taste. Here (regarding beans), it depends on the majority (sometimes Mikpah is of grain - PNEI MOSHE).

(Mishnah): If one vowed from lentils, he may not eat Ashishim (this will be explained). R. Yosi permits.

If one vowed from Ashishim, he may eat lentils.

(Gemara): R. Yosa went to R. Yosi. He brought out in front of him lentils roasted, ground and kneaded with honey and fried;

R. Yosa: This is Ashishim that Chachamim discussed.

(Mishnah): If one said 'I will not taste 'Chitah (wheat), Chitim', he is forbidden wheat, both flour or bread;

If one said ' I will not taste Gris, Grisin' he is forbidden raw or cooked beans;

R. Yehudah says, if he said 'Gris or wheat is forbidden to me', he may eat them raw.

(Gemara - Beraisa - R. Yehudah): 'Konam Gris that I will not taste', he is forbidden raw [beans], and permitted porridge;

'Grisim that I will not taste', he is forbidden porridge, and permitted raw.

'Chitah that I will not taste', he is forbidden raw, and permitted bread;

'Chitim that I will not taste', he is forbidden bread, and permitted raw.

Question: He said] 'Chitah', and you say so?! (This connotes wheat kernels. Why does the Mishnah forbid bread?!)

Answer (R. Yosi): It is normal that when a person sees clean bread, he says 'blessed is the One who created this wheat!'