(Gemara) Question: Who is the Tana of the Mishnah, who says that [merely] putting water into dye is considered soaking it (one who does so on Shabbos is liable, therefore Beis Shamai forbid causing it to happen on Shabbos)?

Answer (Rav Yosef): It is Rebbi:

(Beraisa - Rebbi): If Reuven put flour [into a trough] and Shimon put water, Shimon is liable [for kneading];

R. Yosi b'Rebbi Yehudah exempts, unless he [overtly] kneaded.

Question (Abaye): Perhaps R. Yosi exempts only regarding flour, for it is Bar Givul (must be kneaded), but he is Mechayev regarding dye, for it suffices to add water (it mixes by itself)!

Answer: That cannot be!

(Beraisa - Rebbi): If Reuven put Efer (ashes) and Shimon put water, Shimon is liable;

R. Yosi b'Rebbi Yehudah exempts, unless he kneaded (even though ashes are not Bar Givul)!

Question: Perhaps the Beraisa does not mean Efer, rather, Afar (dirt, which is Bar Givul)! (Maharitz Chiyus - we know that Efer is called Afar (Bamidbar 19:17), perhaps Afar is also called Efer.)

Answer: Another Beraisa says that they argue about Afar (surely, both Beraisos do not teach the same thing)!

Rejection: The two Beraisos were not taught together (perhaps both teach about dirt)!

(Beraisa): The following are permitted just before Shabbos, even though the activity will continue during all of Shabbos:

One may dig a trench that will cause water [from a spring] to irrigate a garden;

One may put incense [over a fire and] under clothes to scent the clothing;

One may put sulfur [over a fire and] under Kelim for the sake of engraving on them;

One may put a bandage on an eye or wound that will cause it to heal;

However, one may not put wheat in a water mill unless it will be ground before Shabbos.

Question: What is the reason?

Answer #1 (Rabah): This is because the mill makes noise (it is a disgrace to Shabbos).

Answer #2 (Rav Yosef): It is forbidden on account of Shevisas Kelim (one must allow his vessels to rest on Shabbos).

(Beraisa): "Uv'Chol Asher Amarti Aleichem Tishameru" - this commands about Shevisas Kelim.

Question: If [even] Beis Hillel say that Shevisas Kelim is mid'Oraisa, why may one put incense or sulfur under Kelim?

Answer #1: It is permitted because the Kli does not do an action (it merely holds the incense, unlike the mill, which grinds).

Question: Why do Beis Hillel permit putting flax in an oven?

Answer #1: The oven does not do an action (it passively holds in the heat).

Question: Why do Beis Hillel permit setting traps - they do an action (they snap shut)!

Answer #1: They discuss hooks and narrow mouthed cages, the fish or animal gets stuck by itself, the trap does not do an action.

We can answer these questions differently according to R. Oshaya:

(R. Oshaya): The Beraisa that derives Shevisas Kelim from a verse is like Beis Shamai, but Beis Hillel disagree.

Answer #2 (to Questions (m), (o), (q)): Beis Shamai require Shevisas Kelim even from passive Melachah, Beis Hillel are not concerned even for active Melachah.

Question: If Beis Shamai forbid even passive Melachah, why do they permit incense and sulfur?

Answer: The incense or sulfur is on the ground, not in a Kli.

Question: (Some Melachos require a Kli on Shabbos or Yom Tov -) why do Beis Shamai permit [brewing beer] in a barrel [for more than a week, i.e. including Shabbos, burning oil in] a lamp, [leaving food in] a pot [on a fire, it gets more cooked, and the Korban Pesach on] a spit [while roasting]?

Answer: Beis Shamai require one to make these Kelim Hefker (before Shabbos - one is commanded only about his Kelim; Rashba - Chachamim make the Kelim Hefker on Shabbos [and restore ownership after Shabbos]).

Question: Who is the Tana of the following Beraisa?

(Beraisa): A woman may not fill a pot with lupines or Asasiyos (peas?) (they must be cooked a long time) and put it in an oven just before Shabbos - if she did, it is forbidden Kedei she'Ya'asu (until it would get cooked had she put it in) after Shabbos (to avoid benefit from Melachah done [b'Isur] on Shabbos).

Similarly, a baker may not fill a flask with water and put it in an oven just before Shabbos - if he did, it is forbidden Kedei she'Ya'asu after Shabbos.

Suggestion: It is Beis Shamai, it is unlike Beis Hillel.

Rejection: It is even like Beis Hillel - this is a decree, lest one stoke the coals [on Shabbos to hasten the cooking].

Question #1: They should forbid [leaving] incense and sulfur [on a fire under Kelim just before Shabbos, for the same reason]!

Answer: There, one would not stoke, lest it make smoke which will be bad for the Kelim.

Question #2: They should forbid leaving flax in an oven!

Answer: One would not do so, for opening the oven lets in wind, which is bad for the flax.

Question #3: They should forbid leaving dye in a pot!

Answer (Shmuel): They permit when the pot is off the fire.

Question: Still, it should be forbidden, lest he stir the pot (Tosfos - helping to dye the wool faster and better, he would be liable for this; Rosh - he would be liable for cooking)!

Answer: The case is, the pot is plastered shut (it is an exertion to open it, before doing so he would remember that it is Shabbos).

Deduction: Because leaving a pot in an oven before Shabbos is forbidden [only] lest one stoke the coals, it is permitted to leave a pot with raw food.

Question: What is the reason?

Answer: Since it will not be ready to eat at night, he puts it out of his mind [until morning, when it will be ready in any case], he will not stoke the coals.

It is permitted to leave a pot with fully cooked food;

It is forbidden to leave a pot with partially cooked food;

If he adds to the pot a raw bone, it is permitted.

Version #1 - Deduction: We said that we are not concerned in a case when wind would be harmful (for he would not open the oven) - therefore, one may leave kid meat in a sealed (plastered) oven.

[Wind is not harmful for ram meat - therefore,] one may not leave ram meat in an unsealed oven.

(Rav Ashi): One may leave kid meat [even] in an unsealed oven, or ram meat in a sealed oven;

(R. Yirmeyah mi'Difti): Both of these are forbidden.

Question (against Rav Ashi - Mishnah): One may not leave meat, onions or eggs to roast unless there is time for them to get roasted before Shabbos.

Answer: The Mishnah forbids ram meat in an unsealed oven.

Version #2: All permit kid meat, even in an unsealed oven, and ram meat in a sealed oven;

They argue about ram meat in an unsealed oven - Rav Ashi permits, R. Yirmeyah forbids.

Question (against Rav Ashi - Mishnah): One may not leave meat, onions or eggs to roast unless there is time for them to get roasted before Shabbos.

Answer: The Mishnah forbids meat on coals (there is no covering, one is very prone to stoke them).

(Ravina): Raw gourds may be left [in an oven] - since wind is bad for it, it is like kid meat.

(Beraisa - Beis Shamai): One may not sell, lend or give something to a Nochri unless [enough time remains so] he can reach his house before Shabbos (for it looks like the Nochri carries on behalf of the Yisrael);

Beis Hillel permit if he can reach the first house in his city;

R. Akiva permits if he can leave the Yisrael's door before Shabbos.

R. Yosi b'Rebbi Yehudah says, R. Akiva [does not argue with Beis Hillel, he] argues with the previous Tana about Beis Hillel's opinion.

(Beraisa - Beis Shamai): One may not sell Chametz to a Nochri unless he knows that the Nochri will finish it before Pesach;

Beis Hillel permit selling Chametz as long as it is permitted to eat it (until the fifth hour on Erev Pesach).

R. Yehudah says, all kinds of Kutach (dips made with Chametz, they are consumed very slowly) may not be sold 30 days before Pesach.