SQUEEZING JUICE INTO FOOD ON SHABBOS
Question (Ravina - Mishnah): If one who is Tamei Mes squeezed exactly k'Beitzah of olives or grapes, they are Tehorim (they are not Huchshar until there is liquid - at that time, there is less than k'Beitzah of solid food, it is too small to Metamei the liquid (Rashi; alternatively, k'Beitzah is needed to Mekabel Hechsher or Tum'ah - Tosfos 91A)).
Inference: If he squeezed more than k'Beitzah, they are Teme'im.
(The Mishnah did not specify, presumably it applies even if he squeezed into food.) If a liquid that comes to a solid is a solid, what is Machshir?
Answer (Ravina): The case is, he squeezed into a bowl.
(R. Yirmiyah): Tana'im argue about this:
(Mishnah): If one squeezes grapes onto loaves, the loaves are not Huchshar;
R. Yehudah says, they are Huchshar.
Suggestion: Chachamim hold that liquid that comes to a solid is a solid (therefore it is not Machshir), R. Yehudah holds that it is a liquid.
Rejection (Rav Papa): No, all agree that it is a liquid;
They argue about a liquid that goes to waste - R. Yehudah holds that it is a liquid, Chachamim hold that it is not.
These same Tana'im argue similarly in another Beraisa:
(Beraisa): If one bruises olives [to soften them] with Tamei hands, they are Huchshar (the liquid is beneficial); if he does so to salt them, they are not Huchshar (he does not want the liquid).
If he checks to see if it is time to harvest them, they are not Huchshar;
R. Yehudah says, they are Huchshar.
Suggestion: They argue about a liquid that goes to waste - R. Yehudah holds that it is a liquid, Chachamim hold that it is not.
Rejection: Indeed, the Tana'im in this Beraisa argue about a liquid that goes to waste - but the argument in the above Mishnah is about a liquid used to lubricate a food.
(R. Zeira citing Rav): One may squeeze a cluster of grapes into a pot, but not into a bowl;
One may squeeze brine out of fish even into a bowl.
Rav Dimi repeated this teaching.
Abaye: We learned this in the name of Shmuel - this poses a difficulty!
(Rav): One may squeeze pickled vegetables for their sake [to remove excess liquid];
One may not squeeze for the liquid; b'Diavad (if he did), he is exempt;
One may squeeze cooked vegetables even for the liquid.
(Shmuel): Whether they are pickled or cooked, one may squeeze for their sake, but not for the liquid; b'Diavad, he is exempt.
Rav Dimi: I heard from R. Yirmiyah, who heard from R. Zeira, who heard from R. Chiya bar Ashi, who heard from Rav!
SQUEEZING VEGETABLES ON SHABBOS
(Rav): One may squeeze pickled vegetables for their sake, not for the liquid; b'Diavad, he is exempt (this is not Mefarek, because the liquid did not originate in the vegetables);
One may squeeze cooked vegetables even for the liquid.
(Shmuel): Whether they are pickled or cooked, one may squeeze for their sake, but not for the liquid; b'Diavad, he is exempt.
(R. Yochanan): Whether they are pickled or cooked, one may squeeze for their sake, but not for the liquid; b'Diavad, he is Chayav Chatas.
Question (against all of them - Beraisa): One may squeeze pickled vegetables needed for Shabbos, not for Motzei Shabbos;
One may not squeeze olives and grapes; b'Diavad, he is Chayav Chatas.
Answer #1 (for Rav): It means, one may squeeze pickled vegetables needed for Shabbos, not for Motzei Shabbos;
This is for their sake, not for the liquid; b'Diavad, he is exempt;
One may squeeze cooked vegetables even for the liquid (it is considered a food).
One may not squeeze olives and grapes; b'Diavad, he is Chayav Chatas.
Answer #2 (for Shmuel): It means, one may squeeze pickled vegetables needed for Shabbos, not for Motzei Shabbos - the same applies to cooked vegetables;
This is for their sake, not for the liquid; b'Diavad, he is exempt;
One may not squeeze olives and grapes; b'Diavad, he is Chayav Chatas.
Answer #3 (for R. Yochanan): It means, one may squeeze pickled vegetables needed for Shabbos, not for Motzei Shabbos - the same applies to cooked vegetables;
This is for their sake, not for the liquid, b'Diavad, it is as if he squeezed olives and grapes, he is Chayav Chatas.
(R. Chiya bar Ashi): Mid'Oraisa, one is liable [for squeezing] only for olives and grapes.
Support (D'vei Menasheh - Beraisa): Mid'Oraisa, one is liable only for olives and grapes.
Ed mi'Pi Ed (a witness who testifies about what he heard from another witness) is Kosher only for Edus Ishah (testimony that a man died to permit his widow to remarry - Chachamim enacted leniencies regarding Edus Ishah to avoid Igun (inability to remarry)).
Question: Is Ed mi'Pi Ed Kosher for testimony that a Bechor became blemished by itself [to permit slaughtering it outside the Mikdash? Kohanim were suspected of making a Mum, therefore Chachamim required testimony.]
Answer #1 (Rav Ami): It is Pasul.
Answer #2 (Rav Asi): It is Kosher.
Question (Rav Ami - Beraisa): Ed mi'Pi Ed is Kosher only for Edus Ishah.
Answer (Rav Asi): It means, Ed mi'Pi Ed is Kosher only for Edus for which an Ishah is Kosher (i.e. anything that requires only one Ed, e.g. Sotah, Eglah Arufah...; R. Akiva Eiger - this rule does not always apply - if Leah was captured, Rachel is believed to say that she was not defiled, but the Rosh does not Machshir Ed mi'Pi Ed for this).
Rav Yemar permitted Ed mi'Pi Ed regarding Bechor - Mereimar called him 'Yemar who permits Bechoros.'
The Halachah is, Ed mi'Pi Ed is Kosher for Bechor.
FOOD PREPARATION THAT IS COMPLETED ON SHABBOS
(Mishnah): Cakes of honey.
(R. Hoshaya of Neharda'a - Beraisa): If one crushed olives and grapes before Shabbos, what exudes from them on Shabbos is forbidden;
R. Eliezer and R. Shimon permit it.
Rav Yosef: [This is just like the argument of R. Eliezer and Chachamim in our Mishnah, regarding honey -] does he come to merely add another opinion that permits?!
Abaye: He teaches an important Chidush! If we only knew the Mishnah, we would have thought that they argue about when it was initially a food and also now - but here, it was initially a food and now it is a liquid, one might have thought that all forbid - he teaches that this is not so.
(Mishnah): If any food was soaked [and fully cooked] in hot water [in a Kli Rishon] before Shabbos, one may soak it in hot water on Shabbos;
If it was not soaked in hot water before Shabbos, one may pour hot water over it (Rashbam - from a Kli Rishon; R. Tam - from a Kli Sheni) on Shabbos, except for old salted fish or tuna fish, for rinsing them is their final Melachah (preparation).
(Gemara) Question: What is an example [of a food that is soaked and soaked again]?
Answer (Rav Safra): R. Aba's chicken is an example [it is soaked many days, for healing].
Rav Safra: I was once served chicken in R. Aba's house - had he not given me three-year old wine, I would have become dangerously sick (Rashi - vomited from nausea)!
R. Yochanan would spit when reminded of Kutach of Bavel (it is made with moldy bread).
Rav Yosef: [People of Eretz Yisrael should not spit on account of our food -] if they do, we may spit on account of the chicken of R. Aba [of Eretz Yisrael]!
Further, Rav Gaza visited Eretz Yisrael and made Kutach, and all the sick people requested it!
(Mishnah): If it was not soaked...[it may be rinsed, except for old salted fish or tuna].
Question: If one rinsed these in hot water on Shabbos, what is the law?
Answer (Rav Yosef): He is Chayav Chatas.
Support (Mar brei d'Ravina - Seifa): ...Except for old salted fish or tuna, for rinsing them is their final Melachah.
HOW BAVEL IS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER LANDS
Question (R. Chiya bar Aba): Why are birds of Bavel fat?
R. Asi: There are fatter birds in Midbar Aza [in Eretz Yisrael]!
Question (R. Chiya bar Aba): Why are people in Bavel so happy on festivals?
Answer #1 (R. Asi): This is because they are poor (this is the only time they cease working and enjoy good food).
Question (R. Chiya bar Aba): Why do Chachamim of Bavel wear special clothing?
Answer #1 (R. Asi): This is because they are not so great in Torah (like Chachmei Eretz Yisrael, who are honored for their Chachmah. Ben Yehoyada - when three consecutive generations in a family are Chachamim, they become known - this was found in Eretz Yisrael, not in Bavel.)
Question (R. Chiya bar Aba): Why do Nochrim reek?
Answer #1 (R. Asi): This is because they eat Shekatzim u'Rmashim (vermin).
R. Yochanan (he had been dozing at the time): Children! "Emor la'Chachmah Achosi At" - if [a matter of Chachmah] is as clear to you as [the Isur to marry] your sister, say it; if not, not!
Answer #2 (to Question (a) - R. Yochanan): Birds of Bavel are fat because they were not exiled - "Sha'anan Mo'av mi'Ne'urav...uva'Goleh Lo Holach Al Ken Omad Tamo Vo". (Ya'avetz - Galus was not decreed on people or birds of Aza, because Plishtim lived there, it was not settled by Yisrael.)
Question: How do we know that birds of Eretz Yisrael were exiled?
Answer (Beraisa - R. Yehudah): For 52 years, no man passed through Yehudah - "Al he'Harim Esa Bechi [...Nitzetzu mib'Li Ish Over ... Mikneh] me'Of ha'Shomayim v'Ad Behemah" - the Gematri'a of "Behemah" is 52. (Maharsha - we expound "Behemah", because it already says "Mikneh". Rashi - we can calculate the years even without the Gematri'a. )
(R. Yochanan): [Even the fish were exiled;] all of them returned, except for tuna:
(Rav): [Underground] inclines of Bavel return water to Ein Eitam (a spring that supplies water to the Mikdash).
Since tuna lack a strong spine, they cannot return [through these inclines].
Answer #2 (to Question (c) - R. Yochanan): Festivals are very happy in Bavel because it was not subject to the curse "V'Hishbata Kol Mesosah Chagah Chodshah Shabatah v'Chol Mo'adah".
Question: What does it mean "Chodsheichem u'Mo'adeichem Son'ah Nafshi Hayu Alai la'Torach"?
Answer (R. Elazar): Hash-m said, not only do they sin, they even bother Me to decide (Ben Yehoyada - inform them) what decrees I will put on them!
(R. Yitzchak): Every festival, plundering troops come to Tzipori (fulfilling the curse).
(R. Chanina): Every festival, governors, lords and whipping officers come to Tiverya.
Answer #2 (to Question (e) - R. Yochanan): Chachamim of Bavel wear special clothing because they are not in their place (Eretz Yisrael, therefore they need such clothing to be distinguished);
This is like people say - 'In my place I am distinguished by my name, elsewhere I am distinguished by my clothing.'
(Rav Yosef): "Ha'Ba'im Yashresh Yakov Yatzitz u'Forach Yisrael" - these are Chachamim of Bavel, who make Torah [flourish] like plants and flowers.