(Beraisa): Cooked wine and Aluntis (a drink in which wine is mixed) of Nochrim is forbidden;

We permit Aluntis of a Nochri in its original state (Rashi - he bought it from a Yisrael, for the wine was mixed before the Nochri got it; Tosfos - he buys the other ingredients. We are not concerned lest the Nochri added wine).

Question: What is Aluntis?

Answer (Beraisa): We may make Anomalin on Shabbos, and not Aluntis;

Anomalin is wine, honey and peppers; Aluntis is old wine, clear water and balsam oil. It is a cure to help one cool off after a hot bath.

(Rabah and Rav Yosef): We are not concerned if mixed wine was exposed (lest a snake drank from it and emitted poison in it). We are not concerned lest a Nochri be Menasech cooked wine.

Question: Are we concerned if cooked wine was exposed?

Answer (R. Yakov bar Idi): We are not concerned if cooked wine was exposed.

R. Yanai bar R. Yakov was not feeling well and went to R. Yishmael ben Zirud to ask the following question;

Question (R. Yanai bar R. Yakov): Are we concerned if cooked wine was exposed?

R. Yishmael ben Zirud: R. Chiya said that we are not concerned.

Rabanan: May we rely on this?

R. Yishmael: Yes!

Shmuel was sitting with Avlet (a Nochri). Cooked wine was put in front of them. Avlet was careful not to touch it.

Shmuel: We are not concerned for Nisuch of cooked wine. You may touch it.

Cooked wine of R. Chiya's slave was exposed. He told her that we are not concerned for exposure of cooked wine.

Mixed wine of Rav Ada bar Ahavah's servant was exposed.

(Rav Ada): We are not concerned for exposure of mixed wine.

(Rav Papa): This is only if it is well diluted. If it is not so diluted, we are concerned for exposure.

Question: Do snakes really drink partially diluted wine?!

Rabah bar Rav Huna was on a boat; he had wine with him. A snake was approaching. Rabah's servant added a little water to the wine, and the snake turned away.

Answer: Snakes will risk their lives (and drink in front of people) for unmixed wine, but not for mixed wine.

Question: Is it really true that snakes do not risk their lives from mixed wine?!

R. Yanai was drinking mixed wine. Some was left, and he covered it with a garment. He saw a snake add water until the level of the wine went above the garment, and drink it.

Answer: A snake will risk its life for wine that it mixed itself, but not for wine that others mixed.

Objection (Rav Ashi): We cannot rely on (poor) answers to be lenient about a (mortal) danger! (Rather, we are always concerned for exposure of mixed wine.)

(Rava): The Halachah is, we are concerned for exposure and Nisuch of mixed wine. We are not concerned for exposure and Nisuch of cooked wine.

Water of R. Chilkiyah bar Tuvi's servant was exposed. He was sleeping right by it.

R. Chilkiyah: Snakes are afraid of people who are sleeping.

This is only during the day. At night, they are not afraid.

Rejection: This is wrong. Snakes are not afraid of sleeping people, not during the day or at night.

Rav would not drink water in a Nochri's house, for they are not careful enough about exposure. He would drink in a (Yisraelis) widow's house. (Even if she does not know the Halachos,) she conducts like she did in her husband's lifetime. (Me'iri - Rav (and Shmuel below) do not forbid others to do so. They themselves were stringent.)

Version #1: Shmuel would not drink water in a (Yisraelis) widow's house. She has no fear of a husband, she is not careful enough about exposure;

He would drink water in a Nochri's house. Even though they are not concerned enough for snakes, they cover water for cleanliness.

Version #2: Shmuel would not drink water in a widow's house, nor in a Nochri's house. (end of Version #2)

(R. Yehoshua ben Levi): For three kinds of wine there is no concern about exposure: sharp, bitter and sweet:

Version #1: We are not concerned for sharp wine that is strong enough to break a pouch, for bitter wine that is bad, or for wine that is sweet because the sun ruined the grapes.

Version #2 (Rav Chama): The three wines we are not concerned for are good wines! The cases are, it is sharp due to peppers and spices, it is bitter from wormwood, or it is a sweet, good drink.

(Reish Lakish): We are not concerned for exposure of Karina.

(R. Avahu): Karina is sweet vinegar of Asya.

(Rava): In Asya, we are concerned for exposure of Karina.

Question: What is the reason?

Answer: It is the primary drink there, so snakes are used to it.

(Rava): If wine started souring, for three days we are concerned for exposure and Nisuch. After three days, we are not concerned for either.

(Chachamim of Neharde'a): Even after three days we are concerned for exposure. Sometimes, a snake will drink it.

(Beraisa): We are not concerned for exposure of Toses wine (that did not yet ferment, i.e. grape juice).

Question: How long is it considered Toses?

Answer: It is for three days.

We are not concerned for exposure of cress. In Bavel, they are concerned;

This is only if it has no vinegar. If it does, this deters snakes.

We are not concerned for exposure of Kutach (a dip made with moldy bread and whey). In Bavel, they are concerned.

(Rav Menashi): If we see holes in it (which might be from snakes), we are concerned (even in Eretz Yisrael).

(R. Chiya bar Ashi): We are not concerned for exposure of dripping wine (this deters snakes);

(Rav Ashi): This is only if it drips constantly.

(R. Chiya bar Aba): If one detached a fig from a tree and part remained on the tree (and he does not see a bite marks in the part he detached), we are not concerned lest a snake bit it on the part left on the tree and poisoned the fig.

This is like the following Tana.

(Beraisa - R. Eliezer): One may eat figs and dates at night (even though he cannot check them for bite marks), without concern - "Shomer Pesa'im Hash-m" (Hash-m guards fools who do not know to guard themselves).

(Rav Safra): There are three types of venom. Venom of a young snake sinks (to the bottom), that of a middle-age snake goes to the middle, and that of an old snake stays on top.

Inference: Older snakes are weaker (their venom is less dense).

Contradiction (Beraisa): Three things get stronger with age: fish, snakes and pigs.

Answer: They get stronger, but the venom gets weaker.

Question: Why did he need to teach that venom of a young snake sinks?

Answer (Beraisa): If a barrel was exposed, even if nine people drank from it (and are fine), one may not drink from it;

A case occurred in which a tenth person drank, and he died.

(R. Yirmeyah): This is because the venom was at the bottom.

Similarly, if a cut watermelon was exposed, even if nine people ate from it, one may not eat from it. A case occurred in which a tenth person ate, and he died.

(Rebbi): This is because the venom was at the bottom.

(Beraisa #1): One one may not pour exposed water in a Reshus ha'Rabim, nor sprinkle it in the house (to keep the dust from rising), nor use it to knead mud, nor give to his or another's animal to drink, nor wash his hands, feet and face;

Others say, he may wash only places where there are no cracks. (Drops remain in cracks, and the venom would burn through his skin.)

Question: What do they argue about?

Answer: They argue about the back of the hand or foot, and cheekbones (there are no cracks, but the first Tana forbids them).

(Beraisa #1): He may not give it to his or another's animal to drink.

Contradiction (Beraisa #2): He may give it his own animal to drink.

Answer: Beraisa #2 permits giving it to his cat. (Rashi - the venom will not harm it; Ran - we are concerned only for a Kosher animal, lest one eat it and be harmed.)

Question: He should be allowed to give it also to another's cat!

Answer: This may weaken the cat.

Question: It may weaken also his own cat!

Answer: It will return to health.

Question: Also another's cat will return to health!

Answer: Perhaps the owner needs to sell it now, and no one will buy it.