From whom will Hashem exact vengeance and retribution?
What is the difference between "Nakam" and "Shileim"?
Ramban: "Nakam" is 'the vengeance of Yisrael', and "Shileim", retribution for denying Hashem.
Seforno: "Nakam" is revenge for those who pain Me, and "Shileim" is retribution - Midah Keneged Midah.
Targum Onkelos and Targum Yonasan: "Nakam" is punishment, whereas "Shilem" is a verb - "I will pay (deliver) retribution".
When is "le'Eis Tamut Raglam" referring to?
Rashi: 'When 'the Z'chus Avos on which Yisrael rely will terminate'.
Ramban: 'When their measure [of sin] is full 1 (Seforno - they will fall and be broken).
Rashbam: 'When their predestined day of downfall arrives'.
Ramban: As in Bereishis, 15:16.
What is The meaning of "Yom Eidam"?
Rashi #1: It means 'their day of doom'. 1
Rashi #2 (in the request for rain of the Kalir - that is attributed to Rashi): It means their day of ruin' (or 'destruction')..
Which Hashem will be prepared to bring upon them through a variety of agents.
What is the meaning of "Vechash Asidos lamo"?
Rashi and Targum Yonasan: 'What (the evil that - Targum Yonasan) is destined to befall them will come upon them speedily'. 1
Rashbam: When the day that heralds retributon for the nations of the worlds, and the redemption for Yisrael arrives. 2
Aderes Eliyahu: The punishments that will come upon the nations will be in rapid succession. 3
Oznayim la'Torah: "Ki Karov Yom Eidam ve'Chash" 4 (quickly) refers to where Yisrael are worthy, and Mashi'ach comes before its final date, and "Asidos Lamo, to where they are not not worthy, and Mashi'ach will cme only when it is finally due. 5
Rashi comments that until now, the Torah is testifying against them a warning that when the punishment occurs, they should know that He had forewarned them; from now on, He is consoling them as to what will happen when the punishment will come to an end - in keeping with the Pesukim of the B'rachah and the K'lalah above (30:1-3).
As the Navi writes in Yeshayah, 60:22 "be'Itah Achishenah".
Aderes Eliyahu: Correspondingly, we say in Kaddish "ba'Agala u'vi'Zeman Kariv"
Why will Hashem punish only the nation who subjugated Yisrael at that time? How about the nations that tormented us throughout the ages?
Oznayim la'Torah: Just as Hashem will revive the dead of Yisrael in order to reward them - as the Torah writs in Pasuk 39. so too, will He bring to life all those that subjegated us throughout the ages in order to punish them.
