1.

Shevu?os 35a: We learn via a Gezeirah Shavah ?ve?Nefesh ki Secheta? from Shevu?as ha?Pikadon ? in 5:20 ? that it speaks where Reuven is claiming money which he already had, to preclude where wants him to testify that Shimon promised to ge him two hundred Zuz. ¹

1.

Rashi: It refers to someone who is asked by a litigant to swear that, if he is able to testify on his behalf, he will do so ? and he did in fact, witness the transaction in question.

2.

Targum Yonasan: It is referring to someone who hears a person making an oath of curse. ¹

3.

Oznayim la'Torah: The Torah is referring to four different cases where Reuven knows testimony on behalf of Shimon but fails to testify: 1. Where he withholds it without being asked to testify; ² 2. Where he is the only witness and Shimon actually asks him to testify; ³ 3. Where there is a second witness and Shimon asks them to testify without an oath; ⁴ 4. Where Shimon asks them to testify under oath, and they deny any knowledge of the issue. ⁵

1.

Shevu?os 35a: Because otherwise seeing as the word ?Alah? has connotations of an oath and a curse, ¹ we would have thought that the witness is only Chayav if he declared both. ?Kol? teaches us that he Chayav for either of themr

1.

Ramban: Testimony that is to the advantage of the litigant who is making him swear. ¹

1.

She'iltos de'R. Acha'i Ga'on": To teach us that, although he is only Chayav a Korban, if he swears, it is considered a sin to refrain from testifying even without a Shevu'ah. ¹

1.

Tosefta Shevu'os, 1:2: To teach us that he is Chayav, irrespective of which language he made the Shevuah.

2.

Tosefta Shevu'os, 1:3: To preclude a deaf person from the Chiyuv.

1.

Shevu'os, 35b: "Alah" is synonymous with "Shevu'ah". ¹

1.

Shevu'os, 35a: It implies that the litigant asks the winesses directly, but not if he says to a group of people containing him 'Mashbi'a Ani aleichem Im Atem Yod'in li Eidus, she'Tavo'u Vete'iduni!' It does however, include where he says ' 'Kol ha'Omdim Ka'an'. ¹

2.

Yerushalmi Sanhedrin, 3: Bearing in mind that, whenever the Torah writes "Eid" S'tam, it means two witnesses, ² it precludes where the litigant says to one witness 'I accept you as if you were two witnesses!'

1.

Shevu'os, 35a: It implies that the testimony must precede the Shevu'ah, and that consequently, if Reuven says to Shimon 'I am Mashbi'a you that, when you will know testimony on my behalf, you will come and testify', Shimon is Patur.

1.

R. Bachye: #1 Where he corroborayes the signatures on a document without actually knowing its contents. ¹

2.

R. Bachye #2: ?ve?Hu Eid? hints at Hakadosh-Baruch-Hu, ² ho knows what is in the heart of man - to remind the witness before whom he is quashing his evidence. ³

1.

Ramban #1 (citing Shevu'os, 33b): It implies a. 'Seeing without knowing' - Where Reuven claims that he counted out to Shimon in front of witnesses, which Shimon denies; b. 'Knowing without seeing' - Where Reuven claims that Shimon admitted to him that he owed him money in front of witnesses which Shimon denies. ^{1 2}

2.

Ramban #2: It implies that he is a witness - inasmuch as he either saw the entire transaction or that he knows about it (because the other litigant admitted it in his presence).

3.

R. Bachye: ?O Ra?ah? (Seeing without knowing) ? where Reuven handed Shimon money in his presence but he does not know whether it is a loan, a repeayment of a loan or a deposit to look after on behalf of a third person; ?O Yada? (Knowing without seeing) ? where Reven admitted that he owes Shimon money without actually witnessing the transactioon. ³

4.

Targum Yonasan: It implies that either he himself is a witness, or he saw somebody transgressing an oath or he knows of somebody who transgressed an oath - and declines to inform the Beis-Din. ⁴

1.

Tosefta Shevu'os, 3:6: They preclude someone who is blind in both eyes ¹ and a Shoteh ² respectively, from a Korban Shevu'ah.

1.

Yerushalmi Shevu'os, 5:1: We learn from Shevu'as ha'Pikadon, in Pasuk 21, via a Gezeirah Shavah "Nefesh" "Nefesh" that he is Chayav.

1.

Kesuvos, 18b: It implies that, once a witness has testified, he cannot testify again and change his testimony. ¹

2.

Gitin 71a: It precludes someone who is dumb from testifying in writing.

1.

R. Bachye #1: It hints at the six people present when he refuses to swear ? the two litigants, himself and the three members of Beis-Din. ¹

2.

R. Bachye #2: It hints at the six days of cretion ? to teach us that, someone who quashes his evidence, it is as if he denies that Hashem created the world in six days.

3.

Moshav Zekenim: In order to read "Lo" like with a 'Vav', as if to say - if he testified for him, he cannot retract and testify differently.

4 Shevu'os, 35a: To Darshen 'Im lo Lo Yagid' - he is only Chayav a Korban Shevu'ah if the witness swears to the litigant himself, but not if he swears to a Shali'ach or if others ask im to swear on behalf of the litigant. ²

1.

Erchin 18a: It implies that his testimony depends on his status at the time when he sees and when he testifies. Consequently, if Reuven sees Shimon borrowing money befoe he becomes his father-in-law and testifies after Reuven divorced his wife, his testimony is Kasher.

1.

Rashi (in Shabbos, 68b) and Ramban: Because in this particular case, he is subject to a Korban even be'Meizid. ¹

1.

Yoma, 74a: To preclude from a Korban Shevu'ah someone who is unfit to testify ? such as a professsional gambler. ¹

2.

Gitin, 71a: To preclude someone who is dumb.

3.

Shevu'os, 35a: To preclude witnesses who only received their information from another witness ('Eid mi'Pi Eid') or where one of the witnesses is a relative or Pasul le'Eidus.

1.

R. Bachye (citing Shevu'os, 33a): To extrapolate that the witnesses are only Chayav a Korban Shevu'ah if the litiganr nade them swear in Beis-Din ¹ - where they would have rendered the litigant Chayav, but not if he made them swear outside Beis-Din.

2.

Sanhedrin, 37b: To teach us that in spite of the harsh warning in connection with the results of testifying falsely ² they are not permitted to withdraw from the obligation to testify. ³

3.

Yerushalmi Sanhedrin, 3:9: To extrapolate that only Kasher witnesses ⁴ whose testimony would have caused the litigant to pay money are Chayav a Korban Shavu'ah.

1.

Bava Kama, 56a: It means that the witnesses are only Chayav be'Dinei Shamayim for failing to testify but are not punishable be'Dinei Adam. ¹

1.

Da'as Zekenim: To teach us that the punishment for Shevu'ah is great, and that Shogeg is considered like Meizid. ¹

2.

Refer to 5:1:4:1.

1.

Moshav Zekenim: In order to read "Lo" like with a 'Vav', as if to say - if he testified for him, he cannot return and testify again [differently].